What is TRUE regarding allergic humoral reactions?

Type I allergy is the only hypersensitivity mediated by IgE antibodies

Its mechanisms often depend on interaction with components of innate immunity

Activation of CD8+ T cells by weakly pathogenic antigen can be supported by:

CD4+ helper type 1 T lymphocytes

In type III allergy, cytotoxic endothelial damage is caused by:

Neutrophils attempting to phagocytize immune complexes deposited on the endothelium

Fc function DOES NOT involve:

Antigen binding with relevant affinity

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs):

Are found on many microorganisms

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the innate immunity?

It recognizes pathogen-associated and damage-associated molecular patterns

Treg lymphocytes support clonal anergy by:

Binding of CD80/86 on APC with their CD152

Is determined by both the affinity and valency of the antibody

Which statement regarding periodontitis IS NOT true?

Gingivitis and periodontitis is the same

Secondary cytotoxic response to CD8+ T cells is activated due to a specific recognition of antigens presented by:

MHC class I-expressing somatic cell

Secretory IgA protects external mucosal surface by:

Preventing microbial adherence to the mucosa

Mechanisms of autotolerance (self-tolerance) involve:

Clonal deletion, clonal anergy, active suppression, and sequestration of antigens

Proper course of action during Western blotting is:

Electrophoresis, transfer, immunodetection

Serum sickness, a hypersensitivity disease is considered as:

Immune-complex-mediated hypersensitivity reaction

In competitive ELISA test concentrations of tested antigens are?

Inversely proportional to absorbance

Affinity of released antibodies is increased by:

somatic mutations of VDJ segments in immunoglobulin-encoding genes

Information about pathogenicity of an antigen is transmitted by:

costimulatory molecules expressed by APCs after stimulation of TLRs

The main difference between classical immune response and hypersensitivity is that:

the first contact with the allergen induces the sensitization phase, and the effector phase is activated by repeated exposure to the same allergen

Complementary determining regions:

are involved in antigen recognition

If a patient suffering from flu receives anti-flu vaccine, he or she may develop an adverse effect that results from:

formation of immune complexes that drives cutaneous/muscular Arthurs reaction in type III hypersensitivity

Immunological facilitation is the mechanism of tolerance observed in:

cancer cells which avoid the specific immune response against their cell surface antigens

Cross presentation of an antigen allows for:

activation of CD8+ T cell by endocytosed antigen

Hemolytic disease of the newborn is caused by:

cytotoxic and cytolytic elimination of fetal Rh(+) erythrocytes opsonized by incomplete IgG produced by B2 cells of the sensitized Rh(-) mother

Which of the following confers passive immunity?

cross placental transfer of maternal antibodies

Very high serum titer in patient with bacterial infection in the agglutination test indicates:

presence of anti-bacterial antibodies and secondary immune response

CD4 molecule, crucial for HIV infection, is expressed on:

T helper cells and monocytes/macrophages

Public flashcard deck · 365 cards

Immunology Master Question Bank

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Front
Viral mechanisms of immune evasion DO NOT involve:
Back
Biofilm formation
Front
Viral mechanisms of immune evasion DO involve:
Back
All of the above
Front
Macrophages are involved in:
Back
All of the above
Front
Which vaccine is NOT an attenuated one?
Back
A pertussis vaccine
Front
In contrast to effector T-cell, naive T lymphocyte fails to express:
Back
IL-2R
Front
What is TRUE regarding allergic humoral reactions?
Back
Type I allergy is the only hypersensitivity mediated by IgE antibodies
Front
Which cells DO NOT recognize the antigen in the MHC context?
Back
B cells
Front
Mechanism of immune tolerance that is broken in atopic individuals is called:
Back
Immune ignorance
Front
Adaptive immunity:
Back
Its mechanisms often depend on interaction with components of innate immunity
Front
NK cells share the same mechanisms of cytotoxicity with:
Back
CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
Front
Which antibodies can be transferred across the placenta?
Back
IgG
Front
Smallest element of the antigen that can determine the specificity of antibodies or TCRs:
Back
Epitope
Front
Activation of CD8+ T cells by weakly pathogenic antigen can be supported by:
Back
CD4+ helper type 1 T lymphocytes
Front
Which vaccines are most effective in inducing the cellular response?
Back
Attenuated vaccines
Front
In type III allergy, cytotoxic endothelial damage is caused by:
Back
Neutrophils attempting to phagocytize immune complexes deposited on the endothelium
Front
Fc function DOES NOT involve:
Back
Antigen binding with relevant affinity
Front
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs):
Back
Are found on many microorganisms
Front
IgE antibody:
Back
Binds strongly to mast cells
Front
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the innate immunity?
Back
It recognizes pathogen-associated and damage-associated molecular patterns
Front
T-independent antigens activate the secretion of:
Back
B1 lymphocytes
Front
Which class of immunoglobulins is produced by B1 lymphocytes:
Back
IgM
Front
Treg lymphocytes support clonal anergy by:
Back
Binding of CD80/86 on APC with their CD152
Front
Avidity:
Back
Is determined by both the affinity and valency of the antibody
Front
Which statement regarding periodontitis IS NOT true?
Back
Gingivitis and periodontitis is the same
Front
What is true regarding periodontitis?
Back
All of the above
Front
What cell population links innate and adaptive immunity due to its ability to professionally present antigens?
Back
Macrophages
Front
Secondary cytotoxic response to CD8+ T cells is activated due to a specific recognition of antigens presented by:
Back
MHC class I-expressing somatic cell
Front
Secretory IgA protects external mucosal surface by:
Back
Preventing microbial adherence to the mucosa
Front
Mechanisms of autotolerance (self-tolerance) involve:
Back
Clonal deletion, clonal anergy, active suppression, and sequestration of antigens
Front
Proper course of action during Western blotting is:
Back
Electrophoresis, transfer, immunodetection
Front
Serum sickness, a hypersensitivity disease is considered as:
Back
Immune-complex-mediated hypersensitivity reaction
Front
In competitive ELISA test concentrations of tested antigens are?
Back
Inversely proportional to absorbance
Front
The negative selection of a direct MACS analysis is dedicated for the selection of the following cell populations:
Back
NK cells and T lymphocytes
Front
Affinity of released antibodies is increased by:
Back
somatic mutations of VDJ segments in immunoglobulin-encoding genes
Front
Information about pathogenicity of an antigen is transmitted by:
Back
costimulatory molecules expressed by APCs after stimulation of TLRs
Front
The main difference between classical immune response and hypersensitivity is that:
Back
the first contact with the allergen induces the sensitization phase, and the effector phase is activated by repeated exposure to the same allergen
Front
Complementary determining regions:
Back
are involved in antigen recognition
Front
If a patient suffering from flu receives anti-flu vaccine, he or she may develop an adverse effect that results from:
Back
formation of immune complexes that drives cutaneous/muscular Arthurs reaction in type III hypersensitivity
Front
Which of the following mediators are responsible for oxygen-dependent killing of pathogens by phagocytes?
Back
ROIs, NO, hypochlorous acid
Front
Which vaccines are most effective in inducing the cellular response?
Back
attenuated vaccines
Front
Immunological facilitation is the mechanism of tolerance observed in:
Back
cancer cells which avoid the specific immune response against their cell surface antigens
Front
Suppression of Th1 cells by Th2 cells may be mediated by:
Back
IL-10
Front
Cross presentation of an antigen allows for:
Back
activation of CD8+ T cell by endocytosed antigen
Front
An example of privileged immunological site is the:
Back
testis
Front
Hemolytic disease of the newborn is caused by:
Back
cytotoxic and cytolytic elimination of fetal Rh(+) erythrocytes opsonized by incomplete IgG produced by B2 cells of the sensitized Rh(-) mother
Front
Which of the following confers passive immunity?
Back
cross placental transfer of maternal antibodies
Front
Very high serum titer in patient with bacterial infection in the agglutination test indicates:
Back
presence of anti-bacterial antibodies and secondary immune response
Front
Which of the following is a primary lymphoid organ?
Back
Thymus
Front
CD4 molecule, crucial for HIV infection, is expressed on:
Back
T helper cells and monocytes/macrophages
Front
Which of the following are considered effector cells of the innate immunity?
Back
Natural Killer (NK) cells
Front
Which class of immunoglobulins contains secretory component?
Back
IgA2
Front
Which of the following cytokines can mediate release of acute phase protein from the liver?
Back
IL-6
Front
The NBT (nitro blue tetrazolium) assay allows us to screen for the disturbances of:
Back
intracellular killing of pathogens by phagocytes
Front
Mechanisms of autotolerance (self-tolerance) involve:
Back
clonal deletion, clonal anergy, active suppression and sequestration of antigens
Front
Activation of complement is responsible for tissue damage in:
Back
immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity
Front
The best method to define the phenotype (size, granularity, expression of particular CD markers) of immune cells is:
Back
flow cytometry
Front
Production of self-reacting IgM antibodies supports:
Back
the process of antigen sequestration
Front
Activation of Cd8+ T cells by weakly pathogenic antigen can be supported by:
Back
CD4+ helper type 1 T lymphocytes
Front
In type I allergy reactions result from:
Back
binding of homologous epitopes from different allergens by the same IgE molecules
Front
Metal braces, crowns, and dental fillings may include:
Back
delayed-type hypersensitivity
Front
mRNA Covid-19 vaccines:
Back
can stimulate both humoral and cellular responses
Front
Thymus-independent antigens:
Back
are usually polymeric antigens
Front
The following is characteristic of B but not T cells: Select one:
Back
surface immunoglobulin
Front
Upon encountering an appropriate peptide-MHC class I on an infected cell: Select one:
Back
CD8+ cytotoxic T cells destroy the infected cell
Front
Which of the following molecules is expressed by both effector and memory Th1 and Tc cells? Select one:
Back
IL-2R
Front
Protection against intracellular pathogens is not provided by: Select one:
Back
mast cells
Front
γδ T cells: Select one:
Back
migrate preferentially to respiratory organs, skin and the peritoneal cavity
Front
Which molecules do not participate in acute inflammation: Select one:
Back
immunoglobulins
Front
The secondary immune response is characterized by: Select one:
Back
presence of memory cells
Front
Which of the following sentences is false? Select one:
Back
PRRs can distinguish between two different bacterial lipopolysaccharides
Front
Purification of which of the following requires negative selection in MACS?: Select one:
Back
lymphocytes
Front
Proteasomes of APC cells: Select one:
Back
degrade unneeded or damaged proteins
Front
Substances that are immunogenic only when conjugated with protein carriers are called: Select one:
Back
haptens
Front
Antibodies: Select one:
Back
help eliminate antigens from the body
Front
Microbes can evade the host immune response by: Select one:
Back
all answers are correct
Front
Which cells are responsible for delayed type of hypersensitivity? Select one:
Back
Th1 cells and macrophages
Front
Monoclonal antibodies are: Select one:
Back
derived from a single clone of B cells
Front
Dendritic cells (DC) present foreign antigen to T lymphocytes primarily in the: Select one:
Back
lymph nodes
Front
Suppression of Th1 cells by Th2 cells may be mediated by: Select one:
Back
IL-10
Front
HIV is able to enter and infect: Select one:
Back
CD4, CXCR4 and CCR5 positive cells
Front
The major advantages of „killed” over „live attenuated” viral vaccines include: Select one:
Back
vaccine can be given to immunodeficient patients
Front
The adaptive immune system contributes to immune surveillance of the oral cavity by the secretion of Select one:
Back
IgA
Front
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is represented by contact dermatitis? Select one:
Back
delayed type
Front
The basic structure of a T cell receptor (TCR) consists of: Select one:
Back
a membrane-bound αβ or γδ heterodimer
Front
Humoral response to T- dependent antigens is characterized by: Select one:
Back
induction of memory cells
Front
Protection against intracellular pathogens is provided by: Select one:
Back
T cells and NK cells
Front
The constant region of the five major types of heavy chains of immunoglobulin molecules dictates the molecule’s: Chose one:
Back
isotype
Front
The rapid rise, prolonged production and elevated level of antibody that follows the second exposure to antigen is known as: Select one:
Back
anamnestic response
Front
Which of the following sentences is true? Select one:
Back
binding TLR4 to bacteria (LPS) activates APC cells
Front
Which immunoglobulin class crosses the placenta to provide a high level of passive immunity at birth: Select one:
Back
IgG
Front
Subliminal threshold for non-pathogenic antigen leading to tolerance is termed as: Select one:
Back
immunological ignorance
Front
Virally infected cells can be killed directly by: Select one:
Back
Natural Killer cells
Front
Classical activation of complement cascade is a property of which antibody region? Select one:
Back
Fc
Front
Which of the following molecules is expressed by both effector and memory Th1 and Tc cells? Select one:
Back
IL-2R
Front
Th2-type immune response is not characterized by: Select one:
Back
stimulation of CD8 T cell and their cytotoxic effect on the target cells
Front
MHC class II molecules are found on: Select one:
Back
B cells, antigen-presenting cells and macrophages
Front
The constant region of the five major types of heavy chains of immunoglobulin molecules dictates the molecule’s: Select one:
Back
isotype
Front
Activation of complement is responsible for tissue damage in: Select one:
Back
Immune complex–mediated hypersensitivity
Front
Phagocytosis of bacteria is accelerated by: Select one:
Back
opsonization of bacteria with IgG
Front
Which of the following cytokines can mediate release of acute phase proteins from the liver: Select one:
Back
IL-1 and IL-6
Front
Th2-type immune response is not characterized by: Select one:
Back
stimulation of CD8 T cell and their cytotoxic effect on the target cells
Front
An example of a privileged immunological site is the: Select one:
Back
testis
Front
CD4+ T cells that respond to intracellular pathogens by recruiting and activating phagocytic cells are termed: Select one:
Back
Th1 cells
Front
Antibody titer refers to:
Back
Highest dilution of antibodies still able to give a positive result in a test system
Front
ANTIBODIES:
Back
Tag antigens for destruction and removal
Front
Secretory IgA protects external mucosal surface by:
Back
Preventing microbial adherence to the mucosa
Front
The secondary immune response is characterized by:
Back
Presence of memory cells
Front
Which of the following cytokines mediate release of acute phase proteins from the liver:
Back
IL-1and IL-6
Front
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is represented by contact dermatitis:
Back
Delayed type
Front
Microbes can evade the host immune response by:
Back
All are correct
Front
Suppression of th2 cells by th1 cells known as immune deviation may be mediated by:
Back
IL-2 AND IFN-GAMMA
Front
T cell receptor recognizes:
Back
Linear antigen peptide in the MHC groove
Front
Self tolerance is mediated with a following mechanisms except:
Back
Immunodeviation
Front
In the type III allergic reaction (immune complexes) the first cells to appear at the site of reaction are:
Back
Neutrophils
Front
Which of the following statements best describes the differences between recognition of antigen by t and b cells:
Back
T cells recognize foreign peptides in the context of self MHC molecules, while B cells recognize soluble antigens
Front
The major advantage of “killed” over “ live attenuated” viral vaccines include:
Back
Vaccine can be given to immune deficient patients
Front
Phagocytosis of bacteria is accelerated by:
Back
Opsonization of bacteria with IgG
Front
Immunological unresponsiveness to self-antigens is called:
Back
Tolerance
Front
Which cells are responsible for delayed type of hypersensitivity?
Back
Th1 cells and macrophages
Front
B-lymphocytes mature in the human body in the
Back
Bone marrow
Front
Which of the following is the best diagnostic test in evaluation of level of antibodies against bacteria in patient serum:
Back
ELISA
Front
Antibody titer refers to:
Back
Highest dilution of antibodies still able to give a positive result in a test system.
Front
Th2-type immune response is not characterized by;
Back
Cytotoxic effect on the target cell
Front
Virally infected cells can be killed directly by:
Back
NK cells
Front
IgE antibodies:
Back
Binds strongly to mast cells
Front
Immunologic memory is based in which of the following
Back
Expanded population of antigen-specific lymphocytes
Front
Humoral response to t dependent antigens Is characterized by:
Back
Induction of memory cells
Front
Intracellular pathogens
Back
Activated CD8+ t cells
Front
Acute inflammatory response is characterized by:
Back
All answers are correct
Front
Which of the following sentences is NOT TRUE?
Back
live attenuated vaccines can be safely used in immunodeficient individuals
Front
Hapten binding to skin-derived self-proteins induces:
Back
contact hypersensitivity (contact dermatitis)
Front
Plasma cell differs from B cell in its ability to:
Back
secrete immunoglobulins extracellularly
Front
Which of antibody functions is NOT mediated by its Fc portion?
Back
antigen binding with relevant affinity
Front
ADCC response of NK cells against virus-infected cell is induced by:
Back
IgG specifically bound to capside protein on plasma membrane of target cell
Front
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs):
Back
are found on many microorganisms
Front
Rosetting formation assay allows us to recognize:
Back
human T lymphocytes
Front
All of the following cells are considered cells that eliminate microbes, EXCEPT:
Back
dendritic cells
Front
Antigen Presenting cells (APCs) are characterized by:
Back
expression of MHC class II
Front
Receptor-dependent killing by cytotoxic lymphocytes involve interaction of:
Back
FasL-Fas, TNF-TNFR
Front
Which isotype is predominant in the early phase of primary immune response?
Back
IgM
Front
Which of the following cells is NOT a type of macrophage?
Back
basophil
Front
IgD:
Back
is present mainly as a surface receptor on B cells
Front
Which class of immunoglobulins is produced by B1 lymphocytes?
Back
IgM
Front
The following statements regarding periodontitis are true, EXCEPT?
Back
gingivitis and periodontitis is the same
Front
An example of a privileged immunological site is the:
Back
testis
Front
Which of the following activities are most closely associated with NK cells?
Back
lysis of virus-infected cells
Front
Serum sickness, a hypersensitivity disease is considered as:
Back
immune-complex-mediated hypersensitivity reaction
Front
The early phase (first six hours) of acute inflammation is associated with?
Back
neutrophil extravasation
Front
Secondary cytotoxic response of CD8+ T cells is activated by specific recognition of antigen presented by:
Back
MHC class I-expressing somatic cell
Front
NK cells share the same mechanisms of cytotoxicity with:
Back
CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
Front
IgE antibody:
Back
binds strongly to mast cells
Front
BCG vaccine is used to protect against:
Back
tuberculosis
Front
mRNA vaccines against SARS-Cov-2:
Back
stimulate immune response against virus S protein
Front
Secretory IgA protects external mucosal surface by:
Back
preventing microbial adherence to the mucosa
Front
The first dilution of serum (in a 2-fold dilution series) that did NOT produce a positive reaction was 1:32 for a tested serum in hemaglutination assay. The antibody titer for the tested serum is:
Back
16
Front
In the process of inflammation, the vasodilation is the result of:
Back
mast cell degranulation
Front
Which antibodies can be transferred across the placenta?
Back
IgG
Front
The crucial process of the central phase of primary humoral response leads to:
Back
plasma cell differentiation
Front
Which test is based on agglutination reaction?
Back
all answers are correct
Front
Receptor found on both memory and effector Th and Tc cells:
Back
IL-2R
Front
migration of B lymphocytes to specific sites (such as a lymph node) is dependent in part on the utilization of:
Back
selectins
Front
the classical pathway of complement begins with:
Back
activation of C1
Front
the constant region of the five major types of heavy chains of Ig molecules determine the molecule’s:
Back
isotype
Front
antibodies (immunoglobulins):
Back
tag antigens for destruction and removal
Front
A T cell signal 1 and no response:
Back
anergy
Front
Self-tolerance is mediated with a following mechanism apart from:
Back
immunodeviation
Front
In activated T cells, CD152 (CTLA4):
Back
begins to move to the membrane and bind CD80/86 (aka B7)
Front
CD4+ T cells that respond to intracellular pathogens by recruiting and activating phagocytic cells are termed:
Back
Th1 cells
Front
The Fab region of an antibody is responsible for
Back
binding to antigen
Front
B-lymphocytes mature in the human body in the:
Back
bone marrow
Front
Th2-type immune response is not characterized by:
Back
stimulation of CD8 T cells to kill virally infected cells
Front
Which of the following sentences is true
Back
Ligation of TLR4 with bacteria (LPS) activates APC cells
Front
Microbes can invade the host immune system by:
Back
all of the above
Front
Secretory IgA protects external mucosal surface by:
Back
preventing microbial adherence to the mucosa
Front
Which of the following cytokines can mediate release of acute phase proteins from the liver
Back
IL-1 and IL-6
Front
Which of the following statements best describes the differences between recognition of antigen by T or B cells
Back
T-cells recognize foreign peptides in the context of self MHC molecules, while B cells recognize soluble antigens
Front
Negative T cell selection in the thymus is based on:
Back
presentation of self antigens in the context of self MHC
Front
Antibody titer refers to
Back
highest dilution of antibodies still able to give a positive result in a test system
Front
Which cells are responsible for delayed type of hypersensitivity?
Back
Th1 cells and macrophages
Front
Self-tolerance is mediated with the following mechanisms except:
Back
Immune deviation
Front
IgE antibody:
Back
Binds strongly to mast cells
Front
In the type III allergic reaction (immune complexes) the first cells to occur at the site of reaction are:
Back
Neutrophils
Front
Virally infected cells can be killed directly by:
Back
NK cells
Front
Which of the following molecules is expressed by both effector and memory Th1 and Tc cells?
Back
IL-2R
Front
Th2-type immune response is not characterized by:
Back
Cytotoxic effect on the target cell
Front
Immunologic memory is based on which of the following?
Back
Expanded populations of antigen-specific lymphocytes
Front
The adaptive immune system contributes to immune surveillance of the oral cavity by the secretion of:
Back
IgA
Front
Protection against intracellular pathogen is provided by:
Back
T cells and NK cells
Front
Suppression of Th1 cells by Th2 cells may be mediated by:
Back
IL-10
Front
Acute inflammatory response is characterized by:
Back
All of the above
Front
Antibodies
Back
Tag antigens for destruction and removal
Front
T cell receptor recognizes
Back
Linear antigen peptide in the MHC groove
Front
Which of the following sentences is true?
Back
Binding TLR4 with bacteria (LPS) activates APC cells
Front
The major advantages of ”killed” over ”live attenuated” viral vaccines include
Back
Vaccine can be given to immunodeficient patients
Front
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is represented by atopic dermatitis?
Back
Immediate type – IgE dependent
Front
Which of the following cytokines can mediated release of acute phase proteins from the liver:
Back
IL-1 and IL-6
Front
Humoral response to T-dependent antigens is characterized by:
Back
Induction of antigen specific B cells and CD4+ T cells
Front
Radial immunodiffusion may be used for:
Back
Quantitative measurement of antigen or antibody
Front
Which molecules do not participate in acute inflammation:
Back
Antibodies
Front
Which method is the most accurate to diagnose presence of incomplete IgG anti-D (Rh) in human serum?
Back
Indirect Coombs test
Front
Secretory IgA protects external mucosal surface by
Back
Preventing microbial adherence to mucosa
Front
B-lymphocytes mature in the human body in the
Back
Bone marrow
Front
Which of the following cytokines can mediate release of acute phase protein?
Back
IL-6 + TNF-alpha
Front
Virally infected cells can be killed directly by:
Back
NK cells
Front
Which of the following molecules is expressed by both effector and memory TH1 cells and Tc cells?
Back
IL-2R
Front
Th2-type immune response is NOT characterized by:
Back
Cytotoxic effect on the target cell
Front
Which immunoglobulin class crosses placenta to provide a high level of passive immunity at birth:
Back
IgG
Front
The adaptive immune system contributes to immune surveillance of the oral cavity by the secretion of:
Back
IgA
Front
Dendritic cells (DC) present foreign antigen to T lymphocytes primarily in the:
Back
Lymph nodes
Front
Self-tolerance is mediated with all of the following mechanisms except:
Back
Immune deviation
Front
IgE antibody:
Back
Binds strongly to mast cells
Front
In the type III allergic reaction (immune complexes) the first cells to appear at the site of reaction are:
Back
Neutrophils
Front
Microbes can evade the host immune response by:
Back
All of the above
Front
Protection against intracellular pathogens is provided by:
Back
T cells and NK cells
Front
The major advantages of “killed” over “live attenuated” viral vaccines include:
Back
Vaccine can be given to immunodeficient patients
Front
Which of the following is the best diagnostic test in evaluation of level of antibodies against bacteria in patient serum?
Back
ELISA
Front
Which type of hypersensitivity is represented by contact dermatitis?
Back
Delayed type
Front
A state of T lymphocytes unresponsiveness that occurs under certain circumstances following peptide + MHC engagement is known as:
Back
Anergy
Front
Humoral response to T-dependent antigens is characterized by:
Back
Induction of antigen specific B cells in the presence of CD4+ T cells
Front
Th2-type immune responses are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
Back
Stimulation of cytotoxic T cells to kill virally infected cells
Front
Suppression of Th1 cells by Th2 cells may be mediated by:
Back
IL-10
Front
MHC class II molecules are found on:
Back
B cells, APC cells and macrophages
Front
Activation of complement is responsible for tissue damage in:
Back
Type III hypersensitivity
Front
Antibodies:
Back
Tag antigens for destruction and removal
Front
T cell receptor recognizes:
Back
Linear antigen peptide in the MHC groove
Front
Which of the following sentences is false?
Back
The Rosette test was invented as a method to estimate the number of B lymphocytes
Front
Prior to class switching, B-cells express:
Back
IgM and IgD
Front
The Fab region of an antibody is responsible for:
Back
Binding of antigen epitopes
Front
Antibody titer refers to:
Back
Highest dilution of antibodies still able to give a positive result in a test system
Front
Purification of which of the following requires negative selection in MACS?
Back
Lymphocytes
Front
Deliberate inactivation and destruction of lymphocytes bearing BCRs or TCRs capable of recognizing and binding specific self-epitopes results in:
Back
Self-tolerance
Front
Immunological unresponsiveness to self-antigens is called:
Back
Tolerance
Front
Mechanism of immune tolerance that is broken in atopic individuals is called:
Back
immune ignorance
Front
ADCC response of NK cells against virus-infected cell is induced by:
Back
IgG specifically bound to capside protein on plasma membrane of target cell
Front
The following statements regarding innate immunity are true, EXCEPT:
Back
it relies on antibody formation and cell-mediated immunity to achieve its functions
Front
Maturation of the B lymphocytes takes place in the:
Back
bone marrow
Front
Which class of immunoglobulins contains secretory component?
Back
IgA2
Front
The interaction between an antibody and a soluble antigen in aqueous solutions that forms a lattice (a net), which develops into a visible aggregate is called:
Back
precipitation
Front
mRNA Covid-19 vaccines:
Back
can stimulate both humoral and cellular responses
Front
Which of the following diseases has been eradicated by vaccination?
Back
smallpox
Front
Which of the following is an agent used to augment the effects of a vaccine?
Back
adjuvant
Front
Braces, crowns and dental fillings may induce:
Back
delayed-type hypersensitivity
Front
The best method to define the phenotype (size, granularity, expression of particular CD markers) of immune cells is:
Back
flow cytometry
Front
Which of the following is characteristic of acute inflammation?
Back
accumulation of PMNs (neutrophils)
Front
Which of the following are NOT classified as extrinsic antigens?
Back
viral peptides synthetized and presented by infected dendritic cell
Front
Delayed type Hypersensitivity disease is considered as:
Back
Type IV hypersensitivity
Front
Treg lymphocytes support clonal anergy by:
Back
binding of CD80/86 on APC with their CD152
Front
Which of the following best describes Type I hypersensitivity:
Back
immediate hypersensitivity which is caused by the release of mediators from mast cells triggered by antigen cross-linking immunoglobulin E bound to IgE receptors
Front
Adherence of SARS-CoV-2 to the respiratory epithelium is blocked by:
Back
specific IgA antibodies
Front
Which one of the following is a primary lymphoid organ:
Back
thymus
Front
The following statements regarding periodontitis are true, EXCEPT:
Back
gingivitis and periodontitis is the same
Front
Cytometric analysis allows us to:
Back
all answers are correct
Front
Activation of CD8+ T cells by weakly pathogenic antigen can be supported by:
Back
CD4+ helper type 1 T lymphocytes
Front
In contrast to primary humoral response, secondary response is characterized by:
Back
fast production of highly specific antibodies
Front
T-independent antigens activate the secretion of immunoglobulins by:
Back
B1 lymphocytes
Front
Gradient centrifugation is commonly used to separate immune cells according to the differences in:
Back
cellular density
Front
Which of the following mediators are responsible for oxygen-dependent killing of pathogens by phagocytes?
Back
ROIs, NO, hypochloride acid
Front
Mechanisms of autotolerance (self-tolerance) involve:
Back
clonal deletion, clonal anergy, active suppression and sequestration of antigens
Front
Which of the following sentences regarding inactivated vaccines is NOT TRUE?
Back
they induce predominantly cellular response
Front
Toll-Like Receptors (TLR):
Back
recognize Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) on selective microorganisms
Front
Which of the following processes fulfills the second condition of antigen presentation?
Back
interaction between adhesion and costimulatory molecules
Front
APCs are characterized by:
Back
expression of MHC class II
Front
Information about the pathogenicity of an antigen is transmitted by:
Back
Costimulatory molecules expressed by APCs after stimulation of TLRs
Front
Which one of the following is an agent used to augment the effects of a vaccine
Back
Adjuvant
Front
Which of the following diseases has been eradicated thanks to vaccination?
Back
Smallpox
Front
The property of cytokine to have multiple biologic actions on different target cells is known as:
Back
Pleiotropism
Front
The most efficient and fastest strategy of gaining herd immunity in COVID-19 is:
Back
Massive Vaccinations
Front
In contrast to effector T cell, naive T lymphocyte fails to express:
Back
IL-2R
Front
ADCC response of NK cells against virus-infected cell is induced by:
Back
IgG specifically bound to viral capside protein on plasma membrane of target cell
Front
Mechanism of immune tolerance that is broken in atopic individuals is called:
Back
Immune ignorance
Front
In the process of inflammation, the vasodilation is the result of:
Back
mast cell degranulation
Front
Secretory IgA protects external mucosal surface by:
Back
Preventing microbial adherence to the mucosa
Front
Mark the sentence that is True regarding cellular immune essays:
Back
Using MACS, you may sort T cells with negative selection, but positive selection is more common
Front
Which one of the following sentences is not True
Back
Live attenuated vaccines can be safely used in immunodeficient individuals
Front
Hapten binding the skin-derived self-protein induces:
Back
Contact hypersensitivity (contact dermatitis)
Front
Degradation in proteasomes is characteristic for:
Back
Intrinsic antigens
Front
Recombination of V, D and J immunoglobulin gene segments:
Back
Is performed by recombinase enzymes
Front
The interaction between antibody and a particular antigen resulting in visible clumping is called:
Back
agglutination
Front
Mark the sentence that is True in regards to allergic humoral reaction:
Back
Type I allergy is the only hypersensitivity mediated by IgE antibodies
Front
Which of the following is not True:
Back
T cell receptors recognize conformational epitopes
Front
Mechanism of autotolerance (self-tolerance) involve:
Back
Clonal deletion, clonal anergy, active suppression and sequestration of antigens
Front
Which IgG immunoglobulin subclass is not able to activate complement?
Back
IgG4
Front
Type I interferon:
Back
Induces cytokine synthesis in NK cells
Front
Which of the following is True about the innate immunity
Back
It recognizes pathogen-associated and damage-associated molecular patterns
Front
Hemolytic disease of the newborn is caused by:
Back
Cytotoxic and cytolytic elimination of fetal Rh+ erythrocytes opsonized by incomplete IgG produced by B2 cells of the sensitized Rh- mother
Front
Measured absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration of the antigen in:
Back
Indirect and sandwich ELISA
Front
Which of the following mediators are responsible for oxygen-dependent killing of pathogens by phagocytes?
Back
ROIs, NO, hypochlorous acid
Front
Secondary cytotoxic response of CD8+ T cells is activated by specific recognition of antigen presented by:
Back
MHC class I-expressing somatic cell
Front
Which class of immunoglobulins contains secretory component
Back
IgA2
Front
In comparison with primary response, secondary response is Not characterized by:
Back
Longer lag phase
Front
Which of the complement pathways is (are) strictly innate, requiring no direct input from the adaptive immune system:
Back
Both the alternative and the lectin pathways
Front
The most common diagnostic assay for presence of maternal anti-Rh antibodies in serum is:
Back
Indirect coombs test
Front
Treg lymphocytes support clonal anergy by:
Back
Binding of CD80/86 on APC with their CD152
Front
APCs are characterized by:
Back
Expression of MHC class II
Front
Information about the pathogenicity of an antigen is transmitted
Back
Costimulatory molecules expressed by APCs after stimulation of TLRs
Front
Which one of the following is an agent used to augment the effects of a vaccine
Back
Adjuvant
Front
Which of the following diseases has been eradicated thanks to vaccination?
Back
Smallpox
Front
The property of cytokine to have multiple biologic actions on different target cells is known as:
Back
Pleiotropism
Front
The most efficient and fastest strategy of gaining herd immunity in COVID-19 is:
Back
Massive Vaccinations
Front
In contrast to effector T cell, naive T lymphocyte fails to express:
Back
IL-2R
Front
ADCC response of NK cells against virus-infected cell is induced by:
Back
IgG specifically bound to viral capside protein on plasma membrane of target cell
Front
Mechanism of immune tolerance that is broken in atopic individuals is called:
Back
Immune ignorance
Front
In the process of inflammation, the vasodilation is the result of:
Back
mast cell degranulation
Front
Secretory IgA protects external mucosal surface by:
Back
Preventing microbial adherence to the mucosa
Front
Mark the sentence that is True regarding cellular immune essays:
Back
Using MACS, you may sort T cells with negative selection, but positive selection is more common
Front
Which one of the following sentences is not True
Back
Live attenuated vaccines can be safely used in immunodeficient individuals
Front
Hapten binding the skin-derived self-protein induces:
Back
Contact hypersensitivity (contact dermatitis)
Front
Degradation in proteasomes is characteristic for:
Back
Intrinsic antigens
Front
Recombination of V, D and J immunoglobin gene segments:
Back
Is performed by recombinase enzymes RAG1 and RAG-2
Front
The interaction between antibody and a particulate antigen resulting in visible clumping is called:
Back
Agglutination
Front
Mark the sentence that is True in regards to allergic humoral reaction:
Back
Type I allergy is the only hypersensitivity mediated by IgE antibodies
Front
Which of the following is not True:
Back
T cell receptors recognize conformational epitopes
Front
Mechanism of autotolerance (self-tolerance) involve:
Back
Clonal deletion, clonal anergy, active suppression and sequestration of antigens
Front
Which IgG immunoglobin subclass is not able to activate complement?
Back
IgG4
Front
Type I interferon:
Back
Induces cytokine synthesis in NK cells
Front
Which of the following is True about the innate immunity
Back
It recognizes pathogen-associated and damage-associated molecular patterns
Front
Hemolytic disease of the newborn is caused by:
Back
Cytotoxic and cytolytic elimination of fetal Rh+ erythrocytes opsonized by incomplete IgG produced by B2 cells of the sensitized Rh- mother
Front
Measured absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration of the antigen in:
Back
Indirect and sandwich ELISA
Front
Which of the following mediators are responsible for oxygen-dependent killing of pathogens by phagocytes?
Back
ROIS, NO, hypochlorous acid
Front
Secondary cytotoxic response of CD8+ T cells is activated by specific recognition of antigen presented by:
Back
MHC class I-expressing somatic cell
Front
Which class of immunoglobins contains secretory component
Back
IgA2
Front
In comparison with primary response, anamnestic response is Not characterized by:
Back
Longer lag phase
Front
Which of the complement pathways is (are) strictly innate, requiring no direct input from the adaptive immune system:
Back
Both the alternative and the lectin pathways
Front
The most common diagnostic assay for presence of maternal anti-Rh antibodies in serum is:
Back
Indirect coombs test
Front
Treg lymphocytes support clonal anergy by:
Back
Binding of CD80/86 on APC with their CD152
Front
Degradation in proteasomes is a characteristic for?
Back
Intrinsic antigens
Front
Which IgG immunoglobulin subclass is NOT ABLE to activate complement?
Back
IgG4
Front
Hemolytic disease of the newborn is caused by:
Back
Cytotoxic and cytolytic elimination of fetal Rh(+) erythrocytes opsonized by incomplete IgG produced by B2 cells of the sensitized Rh(-) mother
Front
Which class of immunoglobulins contains secretory component?
Back
IgA2
Front
Receptor-dependent killing by cytotoxic lymphocytes involve interaction of:
Back
FasL-Fas, TNF-TNFR
Front
Thymus-independent antigens:
Back
Are usually polymeric antigens
Front
Secondary cytotoxic response of CD8+ T cells is activated by specific recognition of antigen presented by:
Back
MHC class I-expressing somatic cell
Front
Hapten binding to skin-derived self-proteins induces:
Back
Contact hypersensitivity (contact dermatitis)
Front
In competitive ELISA test concentrations of tested antigens are:
Back
Inversely proportional to absorbance
Front
Which of the complement pathways is (are) strictly innate, requiring no direct input from the adaptive immune system?
Back
Both the alternative and the lectin pathways
Front
Plasma cell differs from B cell in its ability to:
Back
Secrete immunoglobulins extracellularly
Front
The crucial process of the central phase of primary humoral response leads to:
Back
Plasma cell differentiation
Front
If a patient suffering from flu receives anti-flu vaccine, he or she may develop an adverse effect that results from:
Back
Formation of immune complexes that drive cutaneous/muscular Arthurs reaction in type III hypersensitivity
Front
In type III allergy, cytotoxic endothelial damage is caused by:
Back
Neutrophils attempting to phagocytize immune complexes deposited on the endothelium
Front
Acute inflammation can be initiated by:
Back
Inflammasome activation
Front
Which of the following statements regarding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is FALSE?
Back
PRRs express higher diversity of recognized molecules than TCRs
Front
The following reagent is used in the indirect MACs procedure:
Back
Magnetic beads conjugated to the polyclonal Ig of the anti-gamma heavy chain of the host which is the producer of the monoclonal antibody used to recognize surface markers
Front
IL-4 and IL-5 both inducing proliferation of B cells is an example of cytokine:
Back
Redundancy
Front
Which vaccines were administered orally?
Back
Koprowski's and Sabin's vaccine
Front
What is true regarding allergic humoral reactions?
Back
Type I allergy is the hypersensitivity mediated by IgE antibodies
Front
The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the consequence of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection of the following immune target cells:
Back
Monocytes, macrophages, T helper lymphocytes
Front
Cross-presentation of an antigen allows for:
Back
Activation of CD8+ T cell by endocytosed antigen
Front
Mechanism of immune tolerance that is broken in atopic individuals is called:
Back
Immune ignorance
Front
ADCC response of NK cells against virus-infected cell is induced by:
Back
IgG specifically bound to capsid protein on plasma membrane of target cell
Front
Which vaccine is NOT an attenuated one?
Back
A pertussis vaccine
Front
Adaptive immunity:
Back
Its mechanisms often depend on interaction with components of innate immunity
Front
During Ficoll separation we can obtain lymphocytes and monocytes in one layer, how can we remove monocytes in the next step?
Back
By placing all cells on a plastic dish, monocytes will adhere by adding SRBC
Front
Which class of immunoglobulins is produced by B1 lymphocytes?
Back
IgM
Front
Which of the following DOES NOT contribute to antibody diversity?
Back
VDJ joining of the genes coding for the light chain of the antibody
Front
Mechanisms of autotolerance (self-tolerance) involves:
Back
Clonal deletion, clonal anergy, active suppression, and sequestration of antigens
Front
Which of the following activities are most closely associated with NK cells?
Back
Lysis of virus-infected or neoplastic cells
Front
APCs are characterized by:
Back
Expression of MHC class II
Front
Which of the following ARE NOT classified as extrinsic antigens?
Back
Viral peptides synthesized and presented by infected dendritic cell
Front
Able to regulate inflammatory response
Back
All of the above
Front
The main difference between classical immune responses and hypersensitivity reactions is that:
Back
The first contact with the allergen induces the sensitization phase, and the effector phase is activated by repeated exposure to the same antigen
Front
Which vaccines are most effective in inducing the cellular response?
Back
Attenuated vaccines
Front
Tuberculosis (BCG) vaccine is an example of:
Back
A monovalent vaccine
Front
Complementarity determining regions:
Back
Are involved in antigen recognition
Front
Which of the following are considered effector cells of the innate immunity?
Back
Natural Killer (NK) cells
Front
What statement regarding adjuvants is FALSE?
Back
Aluminum salts are no longer used as adjuvants

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