Klappa

Public flashcard deck ยท 126 cards

DAT Circulatory System

Study this deck free Add to my library

  1. Front
    What system is responsible for circulating and transporting nutrients, O2, CO2, hormones, and red blood cells throughout the body?
    Back
    circulatory system
  2. Front
    What is the path of blood flow from the heart to tissues?
    Back
    aorta -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries
  3. Front
    What is the path of blood flow from the tissues to the heart?
    Back
    capillaries -> venules -> veins -> superior/inferior vena cava
  4. Front
    what is the fluid-filled sac that surrounds the heart in order to protect and lubricate it for proper function?
    Back
    pericardium
  5. Front
    What is the heart chamber where deoxygenated blood enters via the superior and inferior vena cava?
    Back
    right atrium
  6. Front
    What is the heart chamber where blood enters from the right atrium and exits through the pulmonary artery?
    Back
    right ventricle
  7. Front
    From what valve does blood enter the right ventricle?
    Back
    right AV valve (atrioventricular valve) (AKA: tricuspid)
  8. Front
    Through what valve does blood exit the right ventricle?
    Back
    pulmonary semilunar valve
  9. Front
    When does the right AV valve close?
    Back
    when the right ventricle contracts (Note: prevents back flow into right atria - it produces the "lub" sound)
  10. Front
    When does the pulmonary semilunar valve close?
    Back
    when the right ventricle relaxes (Note: prevents back flow into right ventricle - it produces the "dub" sound)
  11. Front
    What describes the blood pathway from the right side of the heart to the lungs, ending at the left side of the heart?
    Back
    pulmonary circuit
  12. Front
    What is the path of blood flow in the pulmonary circuit?
    Back
    right ventricle -> pulmonary arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries of the lungs -> venules -> veins -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium
  13. Front
    What describes the blood pathway from the left side of the heart to the right side of the heart?
    Back
    systemic circuit
  14. Front
    What is the heart chamber where blood enters from the pulmonary veins?
    Back
    left atrium
  15. Front
    What is the heart chamber where blood enters from the left atrium and exits through the aorta?
    Back
    left ventricle
  16. Front
    What valve does the blood enter the left ventricle?
    Back
    left AV valve (AKA: mitral/bicuspid valve - prevents back-flow into the left atrium )
  17. Front
    What valve does the blood exit the left ventricle?
    Back
    aortic semilunar valve (Note: prevents back-flow into left ventricle)
  18. Front
    Where is the SA node located?
    Back
    upper wall of the right atrium
  19. Front
    Of what units is the SA node composed?
    Back
    specialized cardiac muscle cells
  20. Front
    What does the SA node initiate first when it starts a heart contraction?
    Back
    initiate the contraction of both atria
  21. Front
    What is the SA (sinoatrial node) node also known as?
    Back
    pacemaker of the heart
  22. Front
    What is the path of the SA node's impulse?
    Back
    SA node (atrial contraction) -> AV node -> Bundle of His -> purkinje fibers (ventricular contraction)
  23. Front
    Why is the impulse briefly delayed at the AV node?
    Back
    to allow the atria to completely empty, allowing ventricles to fill with blood.
  24. Front
    How does the impulse travel through cardiac muscles?
    Back
    gap junctions
  25. Front
    Is the pace of the SA node faster or slower compared to the normal heartbeat?
    Back
    faster
  26. Front
    What slows down the SA node pace to stimulate the heart at a comfortable pace?
    Back
    vagus nerve (parasympathetic nervous system) (Note: the point of vagus nerve innervation is to allow the heart rate to be both increased and decreased- creates a sort of midpoint)
  27. Front
    Where is the AV node located?
    Back
    lower wall of the right atrium/interatrial septa
  28. Front
    When the ventricles contract, what structures is blood forced through?
    Back
    pulmonary arteries and aorta
  29. Front
    What structures are attached to cardiac valves and force them closed during systole?
    Back
    papillary muscles and chordae tendinae
  30. Front
    What is diastole?
    Back
    filling of the heart
  31. Front
    What is systole?
    Back
    contraction of the heart
  32. Front
    Which ventricle is thicker?
    Back
    left (Note: it is thicker b/c it pumps blood to extremities)
  33. Front
    What are the two semilunar valves?
    Back
    aortic and pulmonary (Note: prevent back flow into ventricles)
  34. Front
    What are the two atrioventricular valves?
    Back
    - tricuspid/right AV valve - bicuspid/left AV valve
  35. Front
    What force causes blood to move through the arteries?
    Back
    hydrostatic pressure
  36. Front
    Blood pressure drops as it reaches the _______, and reaches zero in the ________.
    Back
    capillaries; venules
  37. Front
    What are the three processes that push blood through the veins?
    Back
    1. pumping of heart/movements of skeletal muscle 2. expansion of atria during each beat 3. falling pressure in chest due to breathing (Note: veins have thinner walls and less smooth muscle compared to arteries, so they need these factors to move blood through)
  38. Front
    What structures prevent back flow in veins?
    Back
    valves (Note: because the pressure is so low, valves in the central veins are necessary. Otherwise, blood would collect in the extremities)
  39. Front
    What are thick-walled, muscular, elastic vessels that pump oxygenated blood away from the heart?
    Back
    arteries
  40. Front
    What branch of the nervous system typically innervates arteries?
    Back
    sympathetic nervous system
  41. Front
    What is the one exception to the rule that arteries alway pump oxygenated blood away from the heart?
    Back
    pulmonary arteries transport deoxygenated blood away from heart to lungs
  42. Front
    Do large arteries have more or less smooth muscle (per volume) than medium-sized arteries?
    Back
    less
  43. Front
    Are larger arteries more or less affected by the sympathetic nervous system than smaller arteries?
    Back
    less (Note: allows for the constriction of medium sized arteries to reroute blood)
  44. Front
    What are the three layers (tunics) of arteries?
    Back
    1. endothelial lining (inner) 2. smooth muscle and elastic tissue (middle) 3. Connective tissues (outer) (Note: the technical names are tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica extrema, respectively)
  45. Front
    What are very small vessels wrapped in smooth muscle, and constrict or dilate to regulate blood pressure or reroute blood?
    Back
    arterioles
  46. Front
    What vessels are a major determinant of blood pressure as they have the greatest resistance to blood flow
    Back
    arterioles
  47. Front
    What vessels have the smallest diameter and have a single layer of endothelial cells?
    Back
    Capillaries
  48. Front
    Why are capillaries single layered?
    Back
    allows gas, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, and waste to diffuse
  49. Front
    What are the four methods for materials to cross the capillary wall?
    Back
    1. endo/exocytosis (protein) 2. Diffusion through capillary cell membrane (O2/CO2) 3. movement through fenestrations 4. movement through space between cells (ions)
  50. Front
    What are the contractile cells you will sometimes see around the the capillaries and venules throughout the body?
    Back
    pericytes
  51. Front
    With what substance are the capillaries technically exchanging nutrients and waste?
    Back
    interstitial fluid
  52. Front
    What are the two factors to consider to know where what kind of exchange occurs in capillaries?
    Back
    1. The blood hydrostatic pressure (pressure of blood pushing out) - out 2. The blood colloid osmotic pressure (proteins in blood pull water into capillary) - in (Note: tissues also has these pressures, but they are negligible)
  53. Front
    What kind of exchange dominates on the arterial end of a capillary?
    Back
    filtriation (Note: Blood hydrostatic pressure overcomes Blood colloid osmotic pressure)
  54. Front
    What kind of exchange dominates at the venous end of a capillary?
    Back
    reabsorption (Note: Blood colloidal osmotic pressure overcomes the other forces)
  55. Front
    What are small blood vessels that lead back to veins and are very thin and porous?
    Back
    venules
  56. Front
    what are larger vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart?
    Back
    veins
  57. Front
    Why do some larger veins have valves?
    Back
    prevent back-flow specifically from fighting the force of gravity (Note: one-way valve)
  58. Front
    How do veins compare to arteries in cross sectional area?
    Back
    veins are much larger (about 4x) (Note: capillaries contain total cross sectional area greater than arteries and veins combined)
  59. Front
    What is blood velocity inversely proportional to?
    Back
    total cross sectional area (Note: smaller blood vessels = slower blood velocity)
  60. Front
    Why does blood pressure drop from the aorta to the capillaries?
    Back
    increased resistance and decreased vessel diameter
  61. Front
    Given the formula for blood pressure: Blood pressure = cardiac output*total peripheral resistance, why does pressure decrease going from the aorta to the capillaries?
    Back
    the blood pressure before the narrower vessel is higher, BUT, the pressure after the constriction is lowered. (Note: by the time we hit the venules/veins, the original source of blood pressure/flow is essentially gone.
  62. Front
    What vessels have the greatest resistance to flow?
    Back
    arterioles (Note: high ability to constrict)
  63. Front
    At any given time, where is most blood located?
    Back
    veins/venules/venus sinuses
  64. Front
    What is the system that is an open secondary circulatory system that transports excess interstitial fluids?
    Back
    lymphatic system
  65. Front
    How does lymph move through the lymphatic system?
    Back
    contraction of adjacent muscles, and the smooth muscle in some of the walls of the larger lymph vessels.
  66. Front
    How are proteins and large particles that cannot be taken up by capillaries removed?
    Back
    lymphatic system (allows the lymphatic system to monitor blood for infections)
  67. Front
    Where does the lymphatic system transport absorbed fat from the small intestines?
    Back
    to the blood
  68. Front
    What are the two major lymphatic ducts in the shoulder region that prevent back flow?
    Back
    1. thoracic duct 2. right lymphatic duct (Note: empty into the left and right subclavian vein, respectively. Joins blood as plasma)
  69. Front
    What cells exist in the lymph nodes that filter the lymph and serve as immune response centers?
    Back
    leukocytes (Note: swollen glands during a sickness are lymph nodes filled with white blood cells)
  70. Front
    What are the primary central lymphoid organs?
    Back
    1. thymus 2. bone marrow (Note: replenish specific immune cells)
  71. Front
    What immune cells does the thymus replenish?
    Back
    T-Cells (Note: think T = Thymus)
  72. Front
    What immune cells does the bone marrow replenish?
    Back
    B-cells (Note: think B = Bone marrow)
  73. Front
    What are the primary peripheral lymphoid tissues?
    Back
    1. tonsils 2. adenoids 3. lymph nodes 4. appendix 5. peyer's patches (in small intestine) 6. spleen (Mnemonic: TALAPS)
  74. Front
    What do peripheral lymphoid tissues do with immune system cells?
    Back
    they house immune system cells, but they cannot replenish them
  75. Front
    The thymus technically doesn't make new T-cells, but T-cells _______ there so it houses fresh ones.
    Back
    mature
  76. Front
    What volume of blood does the human body carry?
    Back
    4-6 liters
  77. Front
    How many liters of blood does the heart pump per day?
    Back
    ~7000 L
  78. Front
    What is the ratio of liquid (plasma) components of blood and cellular components of blood?
    Back
    55% liquid (plasma) and 45% cellular
  79. Front
    What is an aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, gases, wastes, hormones, and blood proteins?
    Back
    plasma
  80. Front
    What substance is the same as plasma minus any clotting factor components?
    Back
    blood serum
  81. Front
    What are red blood cells (RBCs) also called?
    Back
    erythrocytes
  82. Front
    What do RBCs transport?
    Back
    oxygen (Note: via hemoglobin)
  83. Front
    What reaction do RBCs catalyze?
    Back
    conversion of CO2 to H20 and H2CO3 (Note: via carbonic anhydrase)
  84. Front
    How do RBCs maximize hemoglobin content?
    Back
    they lack nucleus and organelles
  85. Front
    RBCs do not undergo ______.
    Back
    mitosis
  86. Front
    What substance enables RBCs to resist strong shearing forces?
    Back
    spectrin
  87. Front
    What is the process of blood clotting?
    Back
    1. Formation of platelet plug 2. release thromboplastin 3. conversion of prothrombin to thrombin 4. conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin 5. clot formation
  88. Front
    How is the platelet plug formed?
    Back
    platelets contact exposed collagen of injury and induce other platelets to form a plug
  89. Front
    What is thromboplastin called?
    Back
    clotting factor
  90. Front
    What structures release thromboplastin?
    Back
    both platelets and damaged tissue
  91. Front
    What is the function of thromboplastin?
    Back
    converts inactive plasma protein prothrombin to thrombin (active form)
  92. Front
    What is the function of thrombin?
    Back
    thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
  93. Front
    How is the blood clot formed?
    Back
    fibrin threads coat damaged area and trap blood cells
  94. Front
    What is a blood clot that forms in a vessel abnormally?
    Back
    thrombus (Note: can cause heart attack - if in the heart - or stroke - if in nervous tissue in brain)
  95. Front
    In fetal circulation blood from the placenta flows to the fetus through what vessel?
    Back
    the umbilical vein
  96. Front
    In fetal circulation, what are the two paths the blood can go after the umbilical vein.
    Back
    1. ductus venosus 2. liver/portal vein (Note: 1/2 of blood goes to each route
  97. Front
    In fetal circulation, what is the path of blood if the blood goes to the ductus venosus?
    Back
    ductus venosus -> inferior vena cava -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> ductus arteriosis -> aorta
  98. Front
    In fetal circulation, what is the path of blood if it goes to the liver/portal vein
    Back
    liver/portal vein -> right atrium -> foramen ovale -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta
  99. Front
    What is the function of the ductus venosus?
    Back
    allows fetal blood flow to bypass the liver
  100. Front
    What is the function of ductus arteriosus?
    Back
    it conducts some blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta (bypassing the lungs/fetal pulmonary circulation)
  101. Front
    What is the function of the foramen ovale?
    Back
    it's a small opening in the heart which allows blood to bypass pulmonary circulation by entering left atrium directly from the right atrium (Note: it does this because there is no gas exchange in fetal lung)
  102. Front
    What stimulates a baby's first breath?
    Back
    1. CO2 (receptors in nose) 2. temperature change (Note: newborn lungs are collapsed initially - surfactant, which reduces resistance, is very important)
  103. Front
    What is the equation for cardiac output (CO)?
    Back
    CO = stroke volume (SV) x heart rate (HR)
  104. Front
    What does stroke volume measure?
    Back
    volume of blood discharged from the ventricles with each contraction
  105. Front
    What does cardiac output measure?
    Back
    volume discharged from the ventricle each minute
  106. Front
    What is the equation for stroke volume?
    Back
    stroke volume = end diastolic volume (EDV) - end systolic volume (ESV)
  107. Front
    What does end diastolic volume measure
    Back
    volume of blood in the ventricle just before contraction
  108. Front
    What does end systolic volume measure?
    Back
    blood in the ventricle at the end of the contraction
  109. Front
    What is blood pressure (BP) / Mean artrial pressure (MAP) equal to?
    Back
    blood pressure (BP) / Mean artrial pressure (MAP) = CO x systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
  110. Front
    What does SVR measure?
    Back
    resistance controlled by vasoconstriction/dilation - the larger the diameter, the less resistance
  111. Front
    What is Rh factor?
    Back
    a blood antigen
  112. Front
    What happens in erythroblastosis fetalis?
    Back
    - Mother is Rh- and child is Rh+ - first child (Rh+) while mother is Rh- is fine - during 1st childbirth, blood exposure leads to antibodies (in mother) that attack the Rh+ fetus in second childbirth - can be fatal (Note: also known as Rh incompatibility)
  113. Front
    Where are double capillary beds (portal systems) located?
    Back
    1. hepatic portal system (stomach/intestines/spleen drain via the hepatic portal vein to capillaries of the liver) 2. hypophyseal portal system between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland
  114. Front
    What is movement across capillary beds path?
    Back
    capillary bed pools into another capillary bed (1st) -> drains into portal vein -> capillary bed (2nd) -> vein -> heart
  115. Front
    What is beneficial about capillary beds?
    Back
    products are transported in a high concentration to a specific part of body without spreading to the entire body. (Example: liver screen for harmful substances from digestion before the heart sends it everywhere)
  116. Front
    What is the function of the phosphate buffer system?
    Back
    maintains pH of internal fluids of all cells
  117. Front
    What act as acid and base in the phosphate buffer system?
    Back
    H2PO4(-) and HPO4(2-) (Note: amphoteric - react as base and acid)
  118. Front
    What molecule acts as an extracellular buffer?
    Back
    bicarbonate
  119. Front
    What is the effect of hemorrhaging (excessive bleeding) on arterial pressure?
    Back
    decrease it (Note: less blood pushing against vessel walls)
  120. Front
    How does the body compensate for reduced blood pressure?
    Back
    increase HR which increases SVR (Note: makes sense - pressure falls, body wants to raise it - does so by raising CO and HR)
  121. Front
    What is the blockade of cells that prevents or slows the passage of drugs, ions, and pathogens into the central nervous system?
    Back
    blood-brain barrier (BBB)
  122. Front
    What is the BBB permeable to?
    Back
    O2, CO2, glucose, and general anesthetics
  123. Front
    The ductus venosus allows blood to bypass what in the fetal circulatary system?
    Back
    Liver
  124. Front
    Megakaryocytes are the precursors to what?
    Back
    Megakaryocytes are the precursors to platelets
  125. Front
    How is carbon dioxide transported from body tissues to blood to the lungs?
    Back
    Simple diffusion Gas exchange in tissues occurs via simple diffusion
  126. Front
    The lymphatic system is able to pump lymphatic fluid in ONE direction due to:
    Back
    1. point of re-entry 2. lymphatic valves 3. Smooth and Skeletal muscle contraction

Study these 126 cards with spaced repetition. Klappa is a free flashcard app: it schedules every card with FSRS-6, studies a deck as flashcards, multiple choice, typed answers or a graded test, and imports your Anki decks. How Klappa schedules reviews.

Sign in to study