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Lecture 15 Summary

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  1. Front
    Master model of lipid metabolism
    Back
    Fed state and fasting state are the central framework for the entire lecture
  2. Front
    Fed state
    Back
    Metabolic state after eating
  3. Front
    Main hormone in fed state
    Back
    Insulin
  4. Front
    Main metabolic goals in fed state
    Back
    Store fat and build fat
  5. Front
    Fed state dietary lipid pathway
    Back
    Dietary fat is packaged into chylomicrons, LPL releases fatty acids into tissues, adipose stores them as triacylglycerol, and the liver converts glucose to fatty acids and triacylglycerol for export as VLDL
  6. Front
    Role of adipose tissue in fed state
    Back
    Stores fatty acids as triacylglycerol
  7. Front
    Role of liver in fed state
    Back
    Converts glucose to acetyl-CoA, synthesizes fatty acids, forms triacylglycerol, and exports it as VLDL
  8. Front
    Fasting state
    Back
    Metabolic state with low insulin and high glucagon
  9. Front
    Main hormones in fasting state
    Back
    Glucagon high and insulin low
  10. Front
    Main metabolic goals in fasting state
    Back
    Break fat and use fat
  11. Front
    Fasting state lipid pathway
    Back
    Triacylglycerol is broken down by HSL, fatty acids travel in blood bound to albumin, undergo beta-oxidation to form acetyl-CoA, and excess acetyl-CoA is converted into ketone bodies
  12. Front
    Gold rule of lipid metabolism
    Back
    Insulin promotes storage and glucagon promotes mobilization
  13. Front
    Major dietary lipid
    Back
    Triacylglycerol makes up about 90 percent of dietary lipid
  14. Front
    Function of bile salts
    Back
    Emulsify dietary fat
  15. Front
    Pancreatic lipase reaction
    Back
    Triacylglycerol is digested to free fatty acids and 2-monoacylglycerol
  16. Front
    First route of chylomicron transport
    Back
    Chylomicrons enter lymph first rather than blood directly
  17. Front
    Apo B-48
    Back
    Structural apoprotein of chylomicrons
  18. Front
    Apo C-II
    Back
    Activates lipoprotein lipase
  19. Front
    Apo E
    Back
    Helps liver uptake of chylomicron remnants
  20. Front
    Location of lipoprotein lipase
    Back
    Capillary endothelium
  21. Front
    Function of lipoprotein lipase
    Back
    Hydrolyzes triacylglycerol to fatty acids and glycerol
  22. Front
    Main activator of lipoprotein lipase
    Back
    Apo C-II
  23. Front
    Hormonal effect of insulin on LPL
    Back
    Insulin stimulates lipoprotein lipase
  24. Front
    Main enzyme of lipolysis
    Back
    Hormone-sensitive lipase
  25. Front
    Signal that activates HSL
    Back
    PKA activated by cAMP
  26. Front
    How free fatty acids are transported in blood
    Back
    Bound to albumin
  27. Front
    Enzyme for fatty acid activation
    Back
    Acyl-CoA synthetase
  28. Front
    Energy cost of fatty acid activation
    Back
    Two ATP equivalents
  29. Front
    Regulated step of carnitine shuttle
    Back
    CPT I
  30. Front
    Effect of malonyl-CoA on CPT I
    Back
    Malonyl-CoA inhibits CPT I
  31. Front
    Location of beta-oxidation
    Back
    Mitochondria
  32. Front
    Products of beta-oxidation
    Back
    Acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2
  33. Front
    Site of ketone body synthesis
    Back
    Liver mitochondria
  34. Front
    Trigger for ketone body formation
    Back
    High acetyl-CoA and low oxaloacetate
  35. Front
    Three ketone bodies
    Back
    Acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone
  36. Front
    Liver and ketone bodies
    Back
    The liver makes ketone bodies but cannot use them
  37. Front
    Reason liver cannot use ketone bodies
    Back
    The liver lacks SCOT
  38. Front
    RBC and ketone bodies
    Back
    Red blood cells cannot use ketone bodies
  39. Front
    Location of fatty acid synthesis
    Back
    Cytosol
  40. Front
    Rate-limiting enzyme of fatty acid synthesis
    Back
    ACC1
  41. Front
    Final product of fatty acid synthase
    Back
    Palmitate
  42. Front
    Carbon length of palmitate
    Back
    Sixteen carbons
  43. Front
    Effect of citrate on ACC
    Back
    Activates ACC
  44. Front
    Effect of palmitoyl-CoA on ACC
    Back
    Inhibits ACC
  45. Front
    Effect of insulin on fatty acid synthesis
    Back
    Activates synthesis
  46. Front
    Effect of glucagon on fatty acid synthesis
    Back
    Inhibits synthesis
  47. Front
    Key link between synthesis and oxidation
    Back
    Malonyl-CoA blocks CPT I and prevents oxidation during synthesis
  48. Front
    Metabolic role of malonyl-CoA
    Back
    Acts as a switch that promotes fatty acid synthesis and inhibits beta-oxidation
  49. Front
    Role of oxaloacetate in acetyl-CoA fate
    Back
    If oxaloacetate is present acetyl-CoA enters the TCA cycle, and if oxaloacetate is low acetyl-CoA is diverted to ketone bodies
  50. Front
    Transport problem of lipids
    Back
    Lipids are hydrophobic and require specialized transport systems
  51. Front
    Micelles in lipid handling
    Back
    Transport lipids in the intestine through the aqueous environment
  52. Front
    Chylomicrons in lipid handling
    Back
    Transport dietary lipids
  53. Front
    Albumin in lipid handling
    Back
    Transports free fatty acids in blood
  54. Front
    Energy logic of lipid metabolism
    Back
    When glucose is available the body stores fat, and when glucose is low the body burns fat
  55. Front
    Exam trap about chylomicrons
    Back
    Chylomicrons do not go to the liver first
  56. Front
    Correct route of chylomicron travel
    Back
    Lymph to blood to tissues
  57. Front
    Exam trap about liver and ketones
    Back
    The liver does not use ketone bodies
  58. Front
    Enzyme missing in liver ketone utilization
    Back
    SCOT
  59. Front
    Exam trap about fatty acid synthesis location
    Back
    Fatty acid synthesis does not occur in mitochondria
  60. Front
    Correct location of fatty acid synthesis
    Back
    Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytosol
  61. Front
    Exam trap about malonyl-CoA and CPT I
    Back
    Malonyl-CoA does not activate CPT I
  62. Front
    Correct effect of malonyl-CoA on CPT I
    Back
    Malonyl-CoA inhibits CPT I
  63. Front
    Exam trap about free fatty acid transport
    Back
    Free fatty acids do not travel freely in blood
  64. Front
    Correct transport form of free fatty acids
    Back
    Free fatty acids require albumin in blood
  65. Front
    Prediction if ACC is active
    Back
    Fatty acid synthesis increases and beta-oxidation decreases
  66. Front
    Prediction if insulin is high
    Back
    HSL activity decreases and LPL activity increases
  67. Front
    Prediction if oxaloacetate is low
    Back
    TCA cycle entry of acetyl-CoA decreases and ketone body formation increases
  68. Front
    Fed state ultra-condensed summary
    Back
    Chylomicrons deliver dietary fat, LPL releases fatty acids for storage, glucose supports fatty acid synthesis, ACC is active, and malonyl-CoA is increased
  69. Front
    Fasting state ultra-condensed summary
    Back
    HSL releases fatty acids, albumin transports them, beta-oxidation produces acetyl-CoA, and ketone bodies increase
  70. Front
    Master switch for fatty acid synthesis
    Back
    ACC
  71. Front
    Master switch for fatty acid oxidation
    Back
    CPT I
  72. Front
    Master inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation during synthesis
    Back
    Malonyl-CoA
  73. Front
    Transport form of dietary fat
    Back
    Chylomicrons
  74. Front
    Transport form of free fatty acids
    Back
    Albumin
  75. Front
    Transport form of ketone bodies
    Back
    They travel freely because they are water-soluble
  76. Front
    Five highest-yield facts to memorize
    Back
    Insulin versus glucagon effects, malonyl-CoA inhibits CPT I, Apo C-II activates LPL, HSL mediates lipolysis, and the liver makes but cannot use ketone bodies

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