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Lipids Foundations

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  1. Front
    Lipids
    Back
    Hydrophobic or amphipathic biomolecules that are insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents
  2. Front
    Key property of lipids
    Back
    Poor solubility in water due to nonpolar structure
  3. Front
    Main functions of lipids
    Back
    Fuel, storage, barrier formation, signaling
  4. Front
    Why lipids are good energy sources
    Back
    They are highly reduced and release large amounts of energy upon oxidation
  5. Front
    Why lipids are efficient storage molecules
    Back
    They are hydrophobic and stored without water, making them compact
  6. Front
    Role of amphipathic lipids in membranes
    Back
    They form bilayers with hydrophilic heads facing water and hydrophobic tails inward
  7. Front
    Examples of lipid functions
    Back
    Energy source, energy storage, membrane structure, signaling molecules
  8. Front
    Hydrophobic nature of lipids
    Back
    Caused by long nonpolar hydrocarbon chains
  9. Front
    How lipids behave in water
    Back
    They separate, form droplets, and require transport systems
  10. Front
    Lipid transport in the body
    Back
    Transported with proteins as lipoproteins or albumin
  11. Front
    Main lipid classification
    Back
    Simple lipids, complex lipids, precursor and derived lipids
  12. Front
    Simple lipids definition
    Back
    Esters of fatty acids with various alcohols
  13. Front
    Fats and oils definition
    Back
    Esters of fatty acids with glycerol
  14. Front
    Triacylglycerol definition
    Back
    Glycerol esterified with three fatty acids
  15. Front
    Other name for triacylglycerol
    Back
    Triglyceride
  16. Front
    Difference between fats and oils
    Back
    Fats are usually solid, oils are usually liquid
  17. Front
    Factor affecting fat vs oil state
    Back
    Degree of fatty acid saturation
  18. Front
    Structure of triacylglycerol
    Back
    One glycerol backbone, three fatty acids, three ester bonds
  19. Front
    Function of triacylglycerol
    Back
    Energy storage
  20. Front
    Waxes definition
    Back
    Esters of fatty acids with high molecular weight monohydric alcohols
  21. Front
    Function of waxes
    Back
    Protective and waterproofing roles
  22. Front
    Complex lipids definition
    Back
    Esters of fatty acids with additional groups beyond alcohol and fatty acids
  23. Front
    Types of complex lipids
    Back
    Phospholipids and glycolipids
  24. Front
    Phospholipids composition
    Back
    Contain fatty acids, phosphate group, and alcohol backbone
  25. Front
    Phospholipid backbone types
    Back
    Glycerol or sphingosine
  26. Front
    Glycerophospholipids structure
    Back
    Glycerol, two fatty acids, phosphate, polar head group
  27. Front
    Examples of polar head groups
    Back
    Choline, ethanolamine, serine, inositol
  28. Front
    Sphingophospholipids structure
    Back
    Built on sphingosine backbone
  29. Front
    Example of sphingophospholipid
    Back
    Sphingomyelin
  30. Front
    Function of phospholipids
    Back
    Major components of membrane bilayers
  31. Front
    Glycolipids definition
    Back
    Lipids containing fatty acid, sphingosine, and carbohydrate
  32. Front
    Base structure of glycolipids
    Back
    Ceramide
  33. Front
    Ceramide definition
    Back
    Sphingosine plus a fatty acid
  34. Front
    Examples of glycolipids
    Back
    Cerebrosides and gangliosides
  35. Front
    Function of glycolipids
    Back
    Cell recognition, interaction, and membrane specialization
  36. Front
    Other complex lipids
    Back
    Sulfolipids and aminolipids
  37. Front
    Precursor and derived lipids definition
    Back
    Lipids that are building blocks or formed from lipids
  38. Front
    Examples of precursor and derived lipids
    Back
    Fatty acids, steroids, ketone bodies, vitamins, hormones
  39. Front
    Fatty acids definition
    Back
    Long hydrocarbon chain with terminal carboxyl group
  40. Front
    Fatty acid structure components
    Back
    Nonpolar hydrocarbon chain and polar carboxyl group
  41. Front
    Nature of fatty acids
    Back
    Amphipathic
  42. Front
    Reason lipids are hydrophobic
    Back
    Fatty acid hydrocarbon chains
  43. Front
    Common feature of human fatty acids
    Back
    Even number of carbon atoms
  44. Front
    Fatty acid chain length categories
    Back
    SCFA, MCFA, LCFA, VLCFA
  45. Front
    SCFA definition
    Back
    Fatty acids with fewer than 5 carbons
  46. Front
    MCFA definition
    Back
    Fatty acids with 6–12 carbons
  47. Front
    LCFA definition
    Back
    Fatty acids with 13–21 carbons
  48. Front
    VLCFA definition
    Back
    Fatty acids with more than 21 carbons
  49. Front
    Effect of chain length
    Back
    Influences solubility, melting point, and metabolism
  50. Front
    Fatty acid saturation types
    Back
    Saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated
  51. Front
    Saturated fatty acids definition
    Back
    No double bonds
  52. Front
    Effect of saturated fatty acids
    Back
    Straight chains, tightly packed, higher melting point
  53. Front
    Example of saturated fatty acid
    Back
    Stearic acid
  54. Front
    Monounsaturated fatty acids definition
    Back
    One double bond
  55. Front
    Example of MUFA
    Back
    Oleic acid
  56. Front
    Polyunsaturated fatty acids definition
    Back
    Two or more double bonds
  57. Front
    Example of PUFA
    Back
    Alpha-linolenic acid
  58. Front
    Effect of double bonds
    Back
    Create kinks and reduce packing
  59. Front
    Effect of unsaturation on melting point
    Back
    Increases fluidity and lowers melting point
  60. Front
    Fatty acid notation format
    Back
    Carbon number:double bonds with Δ positions
  61. Front
    Meaning of 18:1(Δ9)
    Back
    18 carbons, 1 double bond at carbon 9
  62. Front
    Example 16:0
    Back
    Palmitic acid
  63. Front
    Example 18:0
    Back
    Stearic acid
  64. Front
    Example 18:2(Δ9,12)
    Back
    Linoleic acid
  65. Front
    Example 18:3(Δ9,12,15)
    Back
    Alpha-linolenic acid
  66. Front
    Example 20:4(Δ5,8,11,14)
    Back
    Arachidonic acid
  67. Front
    Omega notation definition
    Back
    Counts double bond position from methyl end
  68. Front
    Linoleic acid classification
    Back
    Omega-6 fatty acid
  69. Front
    Alpha-linolenic acid classification
    Back
    Omega-3 fatty acid
  70. Front
    Essential fatty acids definition
    Back
    Must be obtained from diet
  71. Front
    Main essential fatty acids
    Back
    Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid
  72. Front
    Arachidonic acid status
    Back
    Conditionally essential, derived from linoleic acid
  73. Front
    Fatty acids role
    Back
    Energy source and building blocks
  74. Front
    Triacylglycerols role
    Back
    Energy storage and insulation
  75. Front
    Phospholipids role
    Back
    Membrane structure
  76. Front
    Sphingolipids role
    Back
    Membrane structure and signaling
  77. Front
    Steroids definition
    Back
    Lipids with four-ring nucleus
  78. Front
    Main steroid example
    Back
    Cholesterol
  79. Front
    Functions of cholesterol
    Back
    Membrane structure and precursor for hormones and bile salts
  80. Front
    Ketone bodies definition
    Back
    Lipid-derived fuels formed in liver
  81. Front
    Lipid-soluble vitamins
    Back
    Vitamins A, D, E, K
  82. Front
    Hormones derived from lipids
    Back
    Steroid hormones
  83. Front
    Main dietary lipid
    Back
    Triacylglycerol
  84. Front
    Reason lipids need special digestion
    Back
    They are hydrophobic
  85. Front
    Lipid digestion process
    Back
    Emulsified by bile salts and digested by lipases
  86. Front
    Lipid transport particles
    Back
    Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL

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