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Seminar 4

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  1. Front
    What is the main mechanism of X-ray production in an X-ray tube?
    Back
    Bremsstrahlung radiation
  2. Front
    Bremsstrahlung radiation occurs when:
    Back
    Electrons are decelerated near the nucleus
  3. Front
    Characteristic X-rays are produced when:
    Back
    Inner-shell electrons are ejected and replaced
  4. Front
    Increasing tube voltage (kVp) primarily affects:
    Back
    Energy and penetration of photons
  5. Front
    Increasing tube current (mA) primarily affects:
    Back
    Photon number
  6. Front
    The main interaction responsible for image contrast in X-ray imaging is:
    Back
    Photoelectric effect
  7. Front
    Compton scattering results in:
    Back
    Photon deflection with energy loss
  8. Front
    Which interaction dominates at high photon energies?
    Back
    Compton scattering
  9. Front
    Which interaction dominates at low photon energies and high atomic number?
    Back
    Photoelectric effect
  10. Front
    The Beer–Lambert law describes:
    Back
    Absorption of radiation
  11. Front
    The attenuation of X-rays depends on:
    Back
    All of the above
  12. Front
    The unit of linear attenuation coefficient is:
    Back
    m⁻¹
  13. Front
    In CT, water has a Hounsfield unit of:
    Back
    0
  14. Front
    Air has a Hounsfield unit of approximately:
    Back
    -1000
  15. Front
    Cortical bone has a Hounsfield unit of approximately:
    Back
    +1000
  16. Front
    Fat has a Hounsfield unit of approximately:
    Back
    -100
  17. Front
    CT imaging is based on:
    Back
    X-ray attenuation measurements
  18. Front
    CT reconstruction uses:
    Back
    Back projection algorithms
  19. Front
    Increasing slice thickness in CT leads to:
    Back
    Lower noise
  20. Front
    Window width in CT controls:
    Back
    Contrast range
  21. Front
    Window level in CT controls:
    Back
    Brightness
  22. Front
    Radioactivity is:
    Back
    Nuclear decay process
  23. Front
    Half-life is:
    Back
    Time for activity to decrease by half
  24. Front
    Activity is measured in:
    Back
    Becquerel
  25. Front
    Absorbed dose is measured in:
    Back
    Gray
  26. Front
    Equivalent dose is measured in:
    Back
    Sievert
  27. Front
    Alpha radiation consists of:
    Back
    Helium nuclei
  28. Front
    Beta radiation consists of:
    Back
    Electrons or positrons
  29. Front
    Gamma radiation is:
    Back
    Electromagnetic radiation
  30. Front
    Alpha radiation has:
    Back
    High ionization and low penetration
  31. Front
    Which radioactive decay emits an electron from the nucleus?
    Back
    Beta-minus decay
  32. Front
    Which radioactive decay emits a positron?
    Back
    Beta-plus decay
  33. Front
    Electron capture occurs when:
    Back
    The nucleus captures an inner-shell electron
  34. Front
    Gamma emission usually occurs after:
    Back
    Nuclear excitation
  35. Front
    Which type of radiation has the greatest penetrating power?
    Back
    Gamma radiation
  36. Front
    Which type of radiation is most easily stopped by paper?
    Back
    Alpha radiation
  37. Front
    Which type of radiation is best shielded by lead?
    Back
    Gamma radiation
  38. Front
    If a radioactive isotope has a half-life of 6 hours, how much activity remains after 18 hours?
    Back
    1/8
  39. Front
    Which isotope is commonly used in PET imaging?
    Back
    Fluorine-18
  40. Front
    Which isotope is most commonly used in scintigraphy?
    Back
    Technetium-99m
  41. Front
    Which isotope is commonly used in thyroid imaging and therapy?
    Back
    Iodine-131
  42. Front
    Technetium-99m is widely used because it has:
    Back
    Short half-life and gamma emission
  43. Front
    In scintigraphy, the detector used is mainly:
    Back
    Gamma camera
  44. Front
    A gamma camera mainly uses:
    Back
    Scintillation crystals
  45. Front
    Scintillation crystals convert:
    Back
    Radiation into visible light
  46. Front
    Which crystal is commonly used in gamma cameras?
    Back
    Sodium iodide
  47. Front
    SPECT stands for:
    Back
    Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
  48. Front
    PET stands for:
    Back
    Positron Emission Tomography
  49. Front
    PET imaging is based on detection of:
    Back
    Coincidence detection of annihilation photons
  50. Front
    In PET, positron annihilation produces:
    Back
    Two gamma photons traveling in opposite directions
  51. Front
    The energy of annihilation photons in PET is:
    Back
    511 keV
  52. Front
    Which modality generally has better spatial resolution?
    Back
    CT
  53. Front
    Which modality provides the best functional imaging?
    Back
    PET
  54. Front
    PET-CT combines:
    Back
    Functional and anatomical imaging
  55. Front
    Which of the following is an important advantage of PET-CT over PET alone?
    Back
    Better attenuation correction and anatomical localization
  56. Front
    Which phenomenon may create artifacts in PET-CT near the diaphragm?
    Back
    Motion during breathing
  57. Front
    In nuclear medicine, attenuation correction is used to:
    Back
    Improve quantitative accuracy
  58. Front
    Which of the following radiations is not used in diagnostic nuclear medicine?
    Back
    Alpha radiation
  59. Front
    Which accelerator is commonly used in external beam radiotherapy?
    Back
    Linear accelerator
  60. Front
    A cyclotron is mainly used to:
    Back
    Produce radionuclides
  61. Front
    Which particle accelerator is commonly used to produce PET isotopes?
    Back
    Cyclotron
  62. Front
    External beam radiotherapy most commonly uses:
    Back
    X-rays or electrons
  63. Front
    Brachytherapy means:
    Back
    Radiation source placed inside or near the tumor
  64. Front
    Which isotope is commonly used in brachytherapy?
    Back
    Iodine-125
  65. Front
    The main goal of radiotherapy is to:
    Back
    Destroy tumor DNA
  66. Front
    Rapidly dividing cells are generally:
    Back
    More sensitive to radiation
  67. Front
    Which phase of the cell cycle is most radiosensitive?
    Back
    M phase
  68. Front
    Which phase of the cell cycle is most radioresistant?
    Back
    S phase
  69. Front
    Fractionation in radiotherapy is used to:
    Back
    Reduce damage to normal tissue
  70. Front
    Which of the following tissues is highly radiosensitive?
    Back
    Bone marrow
  71. Front
    Which of the following tissues is relatively radioresistant?
    Back
    Muscle
  72. Front
    Acute radiation syndrome most commonly affects:
    Back
    Rapidly dividing tissues
  73. Front
    Radiation-induced DNA damage is mainly caused by:
    Back
    Free radical formation
  74. Front
    Which of the following is a deterministic effect of radiation?
    Back
    Skin erythema
  75. Front
    Which of the following is a stochastic effect of radiation?
    Back
    Cancer
  76. Front
    Radiation protection is based on:
    Back
    Time, distance, shielding
  77. Front
    Increasing the distance from a radiation source reduces dose according to:
    Back
    Inverse square law
  78. Front
    If distance from a radiation source doubles, dose becomes:
    Back
    One quarter
  79. Front
    Lead aprons are mainly used to protect against:
    Back
    Gamma and X-ray radiation
  80. Front
    Which imaging method exposes the patient to the highest radiation dose?
    Back
    CT scan
  81. Front
    Which imaging modality does not use ionizing radiation?
    Back
    MRI
  82. Front
    Which modality is best for detecting bone fractures?
    Back
    X-ray
  83. Front
    Which modality is best for detecting metabolic activity of tumors?
    Back
    PET
  84. Front
    Which imaging modality is best for detecting calcifications?
    Back
    X-ray
  85. Front
    Which contrast agent is commonly used in CT?
    Back
    Iodinated contrast
  86. Front
    Which contrast agent is commonly used in MRI?
    Back
    Gadolinium
  87. Front
    Barium sulfate is commonly used in imaging of:
    Back
    Gastrointestinal tract
  88. Front
    Which of the following increases X-ray attenuation the most?
    Back
    High atomic number
  89. Front
    Which tissue appears darkest on a standard X-ray image?
    Back
    Air
  90. Front
    Which tissue appears whitest on a standard X-ray image?
    Back
    Bone

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