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Seminar 3

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  1. Front
    Which of the following methods is most commonly used for home blood glucose measurement?
    Back
    Glucometer with test strips
  2. Front
    Most portable glucometers work by measuring:
    Back
    Electrical current generated by an enzymatic reaction
  3. Front
    Which enzyme is most commonly used in glucose test strips?
    Back
    Glucose oxidase
  4. Front
    Continuous glucose monitoring systems measure glucose concentration mainly in:
    Back
    Interstitial fluid
  5. Front
    Which of the following can falsely alter glucometer results?
    Back
    Hematocrit abnormalities
  6. Front
    Diffusion is the movement of particles:
    Back
    From higher to lower concentration
  7. Front
    Fick’s law states that diffusion rate increases with:
    Back
    Concentration gradient
  8. Front
    Which factor decreases diffusion through a membrane?
    Back
    Greater membrane thickness
  9. Front
    Small molecules diffuse through membranes more easily because they:
    Back
    Have lower molecular mass
  10. Front
    Which substance diffuses most easily through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane?
    Back
    Oxygen
  11. Front
    Hemodialysis removes waste products from blood mainly by:
    Back
    Diffusion through a semipermeable membrane
  12. Front
    Which substance is most effectively removed during hemodialysis?
    Back
    Urea
  13. Front
    During hemodialysis, blood and dialysis fluid flow:
    Back
    In opposite directions
  14. Front
    Countercurrent flow in dialysis improves:
    Back
    Diffusion efficiency
  15. Front
    Which of the following molecules normally cannot cross the dialysis membrane easily?
    Back
    Plasma proteins
  16. Front
    The resting membrane potential of most neurons is closest to:
    Back
    -70 mV
  17. Front
    The resting membrane potential is mainly generated by:
    Back
    Potassium ion distribution
  18. Front
    The sodium-potassium pump transports:
    Back
    3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions in
  19. Front
    Depolarization of the neuron membrane is mainly caused by:
    Back
    Sodium entering the cell
  20. Front
    Repolarization is mainly caused by:
    Back
    Potassium leaving the cell
  21. Front
    During an action potential, the inside of the neuron becomes:
    Back
    Positive relative to outside
  22. Front
    Myelin increases conduction velocity because it:
    Back
    Increases membrane thickness and decreases ion leakage
  23. Front
    Saltatory conduction occurs:
    Back
    Between nodes of Ranvier
  24. Front
    EEG records:
    Back
    Electrical activity of the brain
  25. Front
    Which EEG wave predominates in relaxed adults with eyes closed?
    Back
    Alpha waves
  26. Front
    Delta waves are most commonly associated with:
    Back
    Deep sleep
  27. Front
    Which EEG frequency range is typical for alpha waves?
    Back
    8–13 Hz
  28. Front
    EMG is used mainly to evaluate:
    Back
    Muscle electrical activity
  29. Front
    Nerve conduction studies are useful in:
    Back
    Diagnosing peripheral neuropathy
  30. Front
    Slower nerve conduction velocity is commonly associated with:
    Back
    Demyelination
  31. Front
    Which structure contributes most to the refractive power of the eye?
    Back
    Cornea
  32. Front
    Accommodation of the eye occurs mainly by changing the:
    Back
    Shape of the lens
  33. Front
    In myopia, the image forms:
    Back
    In front of the retina
  34. Front
    Myopia is corrected using:
    Back
    Concave lenses
  35. Front
    Hyperopia is corrected using:
    Back
    Convex lenses
  36. Front
    Astigmatism is usually caused by:
    Back
    Unequal curvature of the cornea
  37. Front
    Which eye examination method is used to measure intraocular pressure?
    Back
    Tonometry
  38. Front
    Normal intraocular pressure is approximately:
    Back
    10–20 mmHg
  39. Front
    Which method is used to examine the retina directly?
    Back
    Ophthalmoscopy
  40. Front
    Perimetry is used to assess:
    Back
    Visual field
  41. Front
    Which method is used to examine the retina directly?
    Back
    Ophthalmoscopy
  42. Front
    OCT is particularly useful for imaging:
    Back
    Retina and optic nerve
  43. Front
    Which structure of the ear converts mechanical vibrations into nerve impulses?
    Back
    Cochlea
  44. Front
    The ossicles of the middle ear are:
    Back
    Malleus, incus, stapes
  45. Front
    The main function of the ossicles is to:
    Back
    Amplify and transmit sound vibrations
  46. Front
    The cochlea is filled mainly with:
    Back
    Fluid
  47. Front
    Which structure detects rotational movement of the head?
    Back
    Semicircular canals
  48. Front
    Conductive hearing loss may result from:
    Back
    Otitis media
  49. Front
    Sensorineural hearing loss most commonly results from damage to:
    Back
    Cochlea or auditory nerve
  50. Front
    Audiometry is used to determine:
    Back
    Hearing threshold
  51. Front
    Which hearing test uses air and bone conduction comparison?
    Back
    Rinne test
  52. Front
    In conductive hearing loss, bone conduction is:
    Back
    Better than air conduction
  53. Front
    The Weber test lateralizes to the affected ear in:
    Back
    Conductive hearing loss
  54. Front
    Which hearing test is based on brain electrical responses to sound?
    Back
    Auditory evoked potentials
  55. Front
    Tympanometry evaluates:
    Back
    Mobility of the tympanic membrane
  56. Front
    Which structure equalizes air pressure between the middle ear and atmosphere?
    Back
    Eustachian tube
  57. Front
    Which frequency range is normally audible to healthy young humans?
    Back
    20–20000 Hz
  58. Front
    The human ear is most sensitive to frequencies around:
    Back
    2000–4000 Hz
  59. Front
    Ultrasound consists of sound waves with frequencies above:
    Back
    20000 Hz
  60. Front
    Which structure of the inner ear is mainly responsible for balance?
    Back
    Semicircular canals
  61. Front
    HbA1c reflects the average blood glucose level over approximately:
    Back
    2–3 months
  62. Front
    Plasma glucose concentration is usually:
    Back
    Slightly higher than whole blood glucose concentration
  63. Front
    Which condition may falsely lower glucometer readings?
    Back
    High hematocrit
  64. Front
    Glycemic index describes:
    Back
    Speed of blood glucose rise after eating a food
  65. Front
    Osmosis is the movement of:
    Back
    Water through a semipermeable membrane
  66. Front
    Filtration is mainly driven by:
    Back
    Hydrostatic pressure difference
  67. Front
    Oncotic pressure is mainly generated by:
    Back
    Plasma proteins
  68. Front
    During dialysis, ultrafiltration refers to:
    Back
    Removal of water due to pressure gradient
  69. Front
    Large plasma proteins usually do not cross dialysis membranes because:
    Back
    They are too large
  70. Front
    The threshold potential of a neuron is closest to:
    Back
    -55 mV
  71. Front
    The absolute refractory period is the time during which:
    Back
    No second action potential can be generated
  72. Front
    During the relative refractory period:
    Back
    A stronger-than-normal stimulus is required
  73. Front
    Hyperkalemia tends to make the resting membrane potential:
    Back
    Less negative
  74. Front
    Larger axon diameter generally causes nerve conduction velocity to:
    Back
    Increase
  75. Front
    Which test is best for evaluating peripheral nerve conduction velocity?
    Back
    ENG
  76. Front
    Beta waves are most associated with:
    Back
    Active concentration
  77. Front
    Theta waves are most commonly associated with:
    Back
    Drowsiness and early sleep
  78. Front
    The standard EEG electrode placement system is called:
    Back
    10-20 system
  79. Front
    Multiple sclerosis most commonly decreases nerve conduction velocity because it causes:
    Back
    Demyelination
  80. Front
    Which part of the eye has the greatest refractive power?
    Back
    Cornea
  81. Front
    The refractive power of the relaxed human eye is approximately:
    Back
    60 D
  82. Front
    Cataract is best described as:
    Back
    Clouding of the lens
  83. Front
    Glaucoma is commonly associated with:
    Back
    Increased intraocular pressure
  84. Front
    Retinal detachment may lead to:
    Back
    Permanent visual loss
  85. Front
    Slit lamp examination is mainly used to examine:
    Back
    Anterior structures of the eye
  86. Front
    Rods are responsible mainly for:
    Back
    Vision in dim light
  87. Front
    Cones are concentrated mainly in the:
    Back
    Macula and fovea
  88. Front
    Red-green color blindness usually results from abnormalities in:
    Back
    Cone photoreceptors
  89. Front
    Loss of vision in one half of the visual field is called:
    Back
    Hemianopia
  90. Front
    A scotoma is:
    Back
    A blind spot in the visual field
  91. Front
    The utricle and saccule detect mainly:
    Back
    Linear acceleration and head position
  92. Front
    The decibel scale is:
    Back
    Exponential/logarithmic
  93. Front
    An increase of sound intensity by a factor of 10 corresponds to an increase of:
    Back
    10 dB
  94. Front
    Which frequency is closest to the resonance frequency of the external auditory canal?
    Back
    3000 Hz
  95. Front
    Presbycusis usually affects:
    Back
    High-frequency hearing first
  96. Front
    In sensorineural hearing loss, Weber test lateralizes to:
    Back
    The unaffected ear
  97. Front
    Impedance audiometry is mainly used to assess:
    Back
    Tympanic membrane and middle ear function
  98. Front
    The stapedius reflex protects the inner ear by:
    Back
    Decreasing sound transmission
  99. Front
    The Doppler effect refers to:
    Back
    Change in sound frequency due to motion
  100. Front
    Which of the following best distinguishes conductive from sensorineural hearing loss?
    Back
    Conductive hearing loss affects sound transmission to the inner ear

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