Klappa

Public flashcard deck · 135 cards

DAT Digestive System

Study this deck free Add to my library

  1. Front
    what are the 4 main feeding mechanisms for animals?
    Back
    filter feeding, substrate feeding, fluid feeding, and bulk feeding
  2. Front
    what does intracellular digestion mean?
    Back
    digestion within the cell
  3. Front
    how is food broken down in intracellular digestion?
    Back
    Food is usually phagocytized, and fuses with food vacuoles and lysosomes to break down nutrients
  4. Front
    What does extracellular digestion mean?
    Back
    digestion outside the cells
  5. Front
    what are a network of fat and connective tissue that serve as the digestive system through structural support, fat storage, and by providing a framework through which blood supply, nerves, and the lymphatics can reach various locations
    Back
    mesenteries
  6. Front
    What is the monomer for starch?
    Back
    glucose
  7. Front
    What is the monomer for proteins?
    Back
    amino acids
  8. Front
    What is the monomer for fats?
    Back
    fatty acids
  9. Front
    What is the monomer for nucleic acid?
    Back
    nucleotides
  10. Front
    All digestive enzymes cleave ______ bonds.
    Back
    specific
  11. Front
    salivary amylase breaks down which molecules?
    Back
    starch into maltose by breaking starch's a-glycosidic bonds.
  12. Front
    What creates a bolus which is swallowed, and also increases the surface area of food, thus exposing it to more enzymes
    Back
    chewing
  13. Front
    What is the area where food and air passages cross?
    Back
    pharynx
  14. Front
    what is a flap of tissue that blocks the trachea so only solid and liquid enter the esophagus
    Back
    epiglottis
  15. Front
    How does food move from the esophagus to the stomach?
    Back
    peristalsis
  16. Front
    Of what does gastric juice consist?
    Back
    digestive enzymes and HCl
  17. Front
    Through what opening does food enter the stomach?
    Back
    lower esophageal/cardiac sphincter
  18. Front
    Where are the secretory cells of the stomach located?
    Back
    gastric pits
  19. Front
    The stomach contains accordion-like folds that allow for how much storage?
    Back
    2-4 liters
  20. Front
    food + water + gastric juice + mixing = what?
    Back
    chyme (a creamy medium)
  21. Front
    What is the process of physical breakdown in the stomach?
    Back
    muscles are activated to break down food; HCl denatures proteins and kills bacteria
  22. Front
    What are caused by failure of mucosal lining to protect stomach tissue?
    Back
    peptic ulcers
  23. Front
    What are stomach conditions that can induce a peptic ulcer?
    Back
    - excess stomach acid - H. pylori (antibiotics to treat)
  24. Front
    Through what opening does chyme enter the small intestines?
    Back
    the pyloric sphincter
  25. Front
    What cells in the stomach secrete mucous?
    Back
    mucous cells
  26. Front
    What is the function of the secreted mucous in the stomach?
    Back
    lubricates and protects stomach's epithelial lining from acid environment
  27. Front
    What substance is composed of mainly sticky glycoproteins and electrolytes?
    Back
    mucous
  28. Front
    What cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen?
    Back
    chief cells
  29. Front
    What is the zymogen precursor to pepsin?
    Back
    pepsinogen
  30. Front
    What activates the zymogen, pepsinogen, to pepsin?
    Back
    low pH of stomach (acidity)
  31. Front
    What substances does pepsin help digest?
    Back
    proteins
  32. Front
    What cells in the stomach secrete HCl?
    Back
    parietal cells
  33. Front
    What cells in the stomach secrete intrinsic factor?
    Back
    parietal cells
  34. Front
    What substance assists the ileum's B-12 absorption?
    Back
    intrinsic factor
  35. Front
    What cells in the stomach possess many mitochondria for energy to establish proton gradient?
    Back
    parietal cells (Note: proton gradient needed for HCl secretion)
  36. Front
    What cells in the stomach secrete gastrin?
    Back
    G cells
  37. Front
    What is a large peptide hormone which is absorbed into blood and stimulates parietal cell to secrete HCl?
    Back
    gastrin
  38. Front
    Which cell types in the stomach are stimulated to increase secretion in response to increased acetylcholine levels?
    Back
    all cell types
  39. Front
    What substance do gastrin and histamine increase secretion of in the stomach?
    Back
    HCl
  40. Front
    What are the neuroendocrine cells in the digestive tract?
    Back
    ECL cells
  41. Front
    gastrin stimulates which cells to release histamine?
    Back
    ECL cells (Note: in turn stimulates parietal cells to produce gastric acid)
  42. Front
    A full stomach's pH is what?
    Back
    2 (Note: extremely acidic)
  43. Front
    Why does the stomach have a low pH?
    Back
    beneficial for killing ingested bacteria, and is the optimal pH for pepsin!
  44. Front
    Folds in the stomach are called what?
    Back
    Rugal folds/rugae
  45. Front
    What is the function of the rugae?
    Back
    increase surface area of the stomach lumen
  46. Front
    Protein digestion begins where?
    Back
    stomach
  47. Front
    Where does protein digestion take place?
    Back
    intestines
  48. Front
    What are the 3 portions of the small intestine?
    Back
    1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3.Ileum
  49. Front
    Which portion of the small intestines continues breakdown of starches and proteins as well as remaining food types (fats and nucleotides)
    Back
    Duodenum
  50. Front
    Which portion of the small intestines is the middle portion concerned with the absorption of nutrients?
    Back
    Jejunum
  51. Front
    Which portion of the small intestines is concerned with the absorption of nutrients, and is the longest portion?
    Back
    Ileum
  52. Front
    Which portion of the small intestines contains Peyer's patches?
    Back
    Ileum
  53. Front
    What are Peyer's patches?
    Back
    large aggregates of lymphoid tissue
  54. Front
    Where does 90% of digestion and absorption occur for the digestive system?
    Back
    small intestines
  55. Front
    how are the small and large intestines connected?
    Back
    ileocecal valve
  56. Front
    The wall of the small intestines has finger-like projections called what?
    Back
    villi (Note: increase surface area!)
  57. Front
    Each villi have a lymph vessel called what?
    Back
    lacteal
  58. Front
    each lacteal in the villi of the small intestines is surrounded by what?
    Back
    capillary network (Note: function for nutrient absorption)
  59. Front
    What are the even smaller protrusions on villi named?
    Back
    microvilli (Note: allow for even greater surface area)
  60. Front
    Which cells in the small intestines secrete mucus to lubricate and protect from mechanical or chemical damage?
    Back
    goblet cells
  61. Front
    What is the duodenum's pH?
    Back
    ~ 6
  62. Front
    Why is the duodenum's pH (~6) higher than the stomach's pH (~2)?
    Back
    bicarbonate ions secreted by pancreas (Note: act as buffer)
  63. Front
    proteases, disaccharidases, lipases, nucleotidases, phosphatases, and nucleosidases are known as what?
    Back
    proteolytic enzymes
  64. Front
    What organ secretes bicarbonate and acts as an exocrine gland in the digestive system?
    Back
    pancreas
  65. Front
    From where does the pancreas release major enzymes?
    Back
    - acinar cells via pancreatic ducts
  66. Front
    Into which portion of the small intestines does the pancreas secrete?
    Back
    duodenum
  67. Front
    What are the key enzymes of the pancreas?
    Back
    trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, pancreatic amylase, and deoxy/ribonucleases
  68. Front
    When enzymes are produced by the pancreas, what aggregate do they get secreted into?
    Back
    pancreatic juice (Note: alkaline solution because of bicarbonate ions secreted by the pancreas)
  69. Front
    Why does the pancreas secrete bicarbonate?
    Back
    acidic chyme needs to be neutralized to allow enzymes to get activated
  70. Front
    In what form do the key enzymes of the pancreas exist?
    Back
    zymogens/proenzymes (inactive)
  71. Front
    What is the first key enzyme of the pancreas to get activated?
    Back
    trypsin (Note: activated trypsin activates the other enzymes)
  72. Front
    What organ produces bile in the digestive system?
    Back
    liver
  73. Front
    What enzymes activate trypsin in the duodenum?
    Back
    enterokinases (Note: located in the brush border of the duodenum)
  74. Front
    What does bile contain?
    Back
    bile salts (like sodium bicarbonate) (Note: to help emulsify fats)
  75. Front
    Where is bile stored?
    Back
    gallbladder
  76. Front
    How does bile get from the gallbladder to the duodenum?
    Back
    - cystic duct (which merges with the hepatic duct of the liver) - common bile duct (which then merges with the pancreatic duct) - duodenum
  77. Front
    What is the area called where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct meet to secrete into the duodenum?
    Back
    sphincter of oddi
  78. Front
    What is the process of bile secretion called?
    Back
    biliary flow
  79. Front
    What does the emulsification of fat accomplish?
    Back
    breaks fat into small particles (without chemically modifying it) which exposes a greater surface area for lipase to work on
  80. Front
    Where do amino acids and sugars go when they are absorbed by the small intestines?
    Back
    capillaries
  81. Front
    Where do fatty acids and glycerol go when they are absorbed by the small intestines?
    Back
    lymphatic system (later to bloodstream)
  82. Front
    By what mechanism does chyme move through the small intestines?
    Back
    peristalsis (segmentation mixes chyme with digestive juices)
  83. Front
    Where in the digestive system is where water and salts are reabsorbed to form feces?
    Back
    large intestine (colon)
  84. Front
    How long is the large intestine?
    Back
    ~1.5 m
  85. Front
    What are the 4 parts of the large intestine?
    Back
    ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid
  86. Front
    What is the major function of the large intestine?
    Back
    water and electrolyte reabsorption
  87. Front
    Where is feces stored?
    Back
    end of large intestines in the rectum
  88. Front
    Where is feces excreted through?
    Back
    the anus
  89. Front
    What does malfunction of the large intestine often lead to?
    Back
    diarrhea
  90. Front
    What is a healthy breakdown of the parts of feces?
    Back
    75% water and solid mass which contains... - 30% dead cells - 10-20% fat - 10-20% organic matter - 2-3% protein - 30% roughage (cellulose)/ undigested matter (sloughed cells)
  91. Front
    What is at the beginning of the large intestines (before ascending colon)?
    Back
    cecum (Note: aid in cellulose digestion for herbivores)
  92. Front
    What is the offshoot of the cecum with unknown function called? ( a vestigial organ)
    Back
    appendix
  93. Front
    What is a symbiont in large intestines which provide us with main source of vitamin K?
    Back
    Bacteria (like E. Coli) Bacteria (like E. Coli) a symbiont in large intestine = main source of vitamin K (also produce Vitamin B12, thiamin, riboflavin)
  94. Front
    Besides vitamin K, what do bacteria like E. Coli produce in the large intestines?
    Back
    - vitamin B-12 - thiamin - riboflavin
  95. Front
    What hormone is produced by the stomach lining when food reaches or upon sensing of food?
    Back
    gastrin
  96. Front
    What hormone is a local peptide hormone from the small intestine, produced by cells lining duodenum in response to HCl?
    Back
    secretin
  97. Front
    What hormone stimulates pancreas to produce bicarbonate (neutralizes the chyme)?
    Back
    secretin
  98. Front
    What hormone is secreted by small intestine in response to fat digestates?
    Back
    cholecystokinin (cck)
  99. Front
    What hormone stimulates gallbladder to release bile and pancreas to release its enzymes?
    Back
    cholecystokinin (cck)
  100. Front
    What hormone decreases motility of stomach, giving more time for duodenum to digest fat
    Back
    cholecystokinin (cck)
  101. Front
    What hormone is produced in response to fat/protein digestates in duodenum?
    Back
    Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)
  102. Front
    What hormone causes a mild decrease of stomach motor activity?
    Back
    Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)
  103. Front
    What is any hormone secreted by the duodenum in response to lipids that inhibits the forward movement of chyme? Includes secretin, CCK, GIP, etc.
    Back
    enterogastrone (Note: Inhibits peristalsis and acid secretion by the stomach.)
  104. Front
    What hormone is secreted by the stomach wall and initiates hunger?
    Back
    grehlin
  105. Front
    What hormone is secreted from adipose tissue and inhibits hunger?
    Back
    leptin
  106. Front
    What hormone is secreted by the small intestine and is concerned with hunger and lack of hunger?
    Back
    peptide YY
  107. Front
    What hormone is secreted from pancreas and encourages storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver?
    Back
    insulin
  108. Front
    What hormone suppresses hunger?
    Back
    epinephrine
  109. Front
    From where does the liver receive blood?
    Back
    capillary beds of intestines, stomach, spleen, and pancreas via hepatic portal vein
  110. Front
    How is the liver oxygenated?
    Back
    hepatic artery (Note: this is a secondary blood supply, not the blood it is "working on")
  111. Front
    What is the path of blood out of the liver?
    Back
    flattened hepatic sinusoids —> hepatic vein —> vena cava
  112. Front
    The liver holds so much blood (~13% at any given time) that it can be classified as what for blood?
    Back
    a blood storage organ
  113. Front
    What specialized macrophages phagocytize bacteria in the liver, aiding in the filtration of blood?
    Back
    Kupfer cells
  114. Front
    How does the liver maintain normal blood glucose levels?
    Back
    gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis
  115. Front
    What is the production of glycogen and glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors called?
    Back
    gluconeogenesis
  116. Front
    What is the storage of glucose as glycogen called?
    Back
    glycogenesis
  117. Front
    How do all carbohydrates absorbed into the blood transfer to the liver?
    Back
    portal vein
  118. Front
    What happens to absorbed galactose + fructose in the liver?
    Back
    converted to glucose, then stored as glycogen
  119. Front
    From what molecule does the liver synthesize bile from?
    Back
    cholesterol
  120. Front
    What substance does the liver convert carbohydrates and proteins into?
    Back
    fat
  121. Front
    What is the result of fat metabolism?
    Back
    oxidation of fatty acids for energy, and formation of lipoproteins.
  122. Front
    How does the liver metabolize proteins?
    Back
    deaminates amino acids, forms urea from ammonia in blood, synthesizes plasma proteins and nonessential amino acids
  123. Front
    What is the major end product of nitrogen metabolism?
    Back
    urea (Note: made in liver, excreted by kidneys
  124. Front
    What is the process by which the liver detoxifies chemicals and excretes them as part of bile (or polarized to be excreted by the kidneys)?
    Back
    detoxification
  125. Front
    How does the liver participate in erythrocyte destruction?
    Back
    Kupfer cells destroy irregular erythrocytes (Note: most are destroyed by the spleen)
  126. Front
    What vitamins does the liver store?
    Back
    vitamin A, D, and B12. (Note: The liver also stores iron by combining it with apoferritin —> ferritin)
  127. Front
    What is the process called when glycogen is broken down to glucose for release?
    Back
    glycogenolysis (Note: employed when blood glucose levels are low)
  128. Front
    What is the effect of the liver mobilizing fat or protein into energy on blood acidity?
    Back
    increases blood acidity (Note: ketone bodies are produced —> ketosis/ acidosis results)
  129. Front
    How does the liver help in the process of blood clotting?
    Back
    synthesizes blood plasma proteins like albumin
  130. Front
    What often causes jaundice?
    Back
    liver malfunction (Note: excess bilirubin because liver can't remove it from excess blood cell breakdown)
  131. Front
    Through what vessel does the liver secrete its products into the gut?
    Back
    The common bile duct.
  132. Front
    The pancrease releases enzymes used in digestions. Which pancreatic enzymes is used to cleave peptide bonds?
    Back
    Trypsin A protease is an enzyme that cleaves the peptide bonds with in proteins.
  133. Front
    What is a byproduct from the breakdown of hemoglobin?
    Back
    bilirubin
  134. Front
    Bile stimulates the release of what?
    Back
    cholecytstokinin (cck)
  135. Front
    A deficiency in what part of the body would lead to inefficient absorption of dietary lipids?
    Back
    Lacteals

Study these 135 cards with spaced repetition. Klappa is a free flashcard app: it schedules every card with FSRS-6, studies a deck as flashcards, multiple choice, typed answers or a graded test, and imports your Anki decks. How Klappa schedules reviews.

Sign in to study